List of caliphs

This is a list of people who have held the title of Caliph, the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, as the political successors to Muhammad. All years are according to the Common Era. Some Muslims believe that, after the death of Muhammad in 632, a succession crisis arose as Muhammad had not left a generally acknowledged heir.

Khalīfah (Caliph)
خَليفة
Calligraphic of Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq, the first caliph
StyleAmir al-Mu'minin
Residence
AppointerHereditary (since 661)
Formation8 June 632
First holderAbu Bakr
Final holderAbdulmejid II
Abolished3 March 1924

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate
Calligraphic/Coin Name (and titles) Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Relationship with Muhammad Parents House Notes
Abū Bakr
(أبو بكر)
Al-Ṣiddīq		 573 8 June 632 (03-13-11 AH) 22 August 634
  • Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife
 Banu Taim
  • Launched the Ridda Wars in 632, He united entire Arabian peninsula under Islamic rule also parts of South South Syria and South Iraq.
  • Though the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire.
  • Approximately one of the first man to accept Islam after the beginning of Muhammad's prophethood.
ʿOmar
(عمر بن الخطاب)
Al-Farooq		 584 23 August 634 (06-22-13 AH) 3 November 644
(assassinated)
  • Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife
 Banu Adi
  • He was an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq
  • He built up an efficient administrative structure that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective intelligence network, one of the reasons for his strong grip on his bureaucracy.[1]
  • He successful ended Byzantine and Sassanid rule in the Middle East. Under his rule, Caliphate reached controlled Persia, Khorasan, Egypt and parts of North Africa. (See: Military conquests of Omar's era)
'Uthman
(عثمان بن عفان)
Dhun Nurayn
Al-Ghani		 579 11 November 644 (01-05-24 AH) 20 June 656
(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house)		 Banu Ummaya
  • Under caliph Uthman's reign, the Caliphate reached its heights.
  • Caliphate become very prosperous and the military campaigns under Uthman's rule were generally successful.
'Ali
(علي بن أبي طالب)
Haydar
Abu Turab
Al-Murtaza		 15 September 601 20 June 656 (12-21-35 AH) 29 January 661
(assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa)
  • Muhammad's first cousin
  • Husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah
  • Husband of Umamah bint Zainab, Muhammad's granddaughter
  • All modern descendants of Muhammad are through Ali
 Banu Hashim
  • He was the Chief Judge of Caliphate under Omar's reign. He was also one of the Advisors of Uthman.
  • After Uthman died, he was elected as the next Caliph. The Later period of his reign coincided with Battle of Siffin.
  • Considered the first successor to Muhammad by Shia Muslims.

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
Image/Coin Name (and titles) Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) Parents Notes

 Mu'awiyah I
(معاوية)		 602 661 29 April or 1 May 680
  • Worked as one of at least 29 scribes during the time of Muhammad
  • Became Governor of Syria during the reign of Umar
  • After successfully treaty with Caliph al-Hasan and abdication of Hasan. He became Caliph in 661.
  • Founder of the Umayyad dynasty and caliphate.
Yazid I
(يزيد)
 647 680 11 November 683
  • Yazid was nominated heir by his father. After the death of his father, he succeeded him.
  • Yazid reigned for three years. One his death bed, He nominated his son Muawiya II as heir.
Mu'awiyah II
(معاوية الثاني)		 664 November 683 684
  • Yazid I, Umayyad caliph
  • Umm Muawiya also known as al-Kalbiyya (wife of Yazid I)
  • He was nominated heir by his father Yazid in 683. After the death of his father, he succeeded him, however he died within months. He left no son or heir.
  • Title caliph also claimed by 'Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr 683. Abd Allah ruled almost entire Caliphate except Syria, after the death of Muawiya II in 683.
  • Last Umayyad caliph from Sufyanid House.
Marwan I
(مروان بن الحکم)		 623–626 684 7 May 685
  • After the death of Mu'awiya II, The Umayyad officials selected Marwan as Caliph in 684.
  • Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan (the "Sufyanids") to those of Hakam (the "Marwanids"), both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named)

 'Abd al-Malik
(عبد الملك بن مروان)		 646 685 8 October 705
  • Marwan I, Umayyad caliph
  • 'Aisha bint Muawiya ibn Al-Mughira
  • Nominated heir by his father Marwan I, after the death of his father, he succeeded him in 865.
  • He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphal dynasty, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685).
  • Abd al-Malik is considered the most "celebrated" Umayyad caliph.[2]
Al-Walid I
(الوليد الأول)		 668 October 705 23 February 715
  • As a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca.
  • Nominated first heir by his father Abd al-Malik. After the death of his father, he succeeded him in 705. al-Walid, continued his father's policies and his rule likely marked the peak of Umayyad power and prosperity.
Sulayman
(سلیمان بن عبدالملک)		 674 February 715 22 September 717
  • Nominated second heir by his father Abd al-Malik. After the death of his brother, he succeeded him in 705. Sulayman, continued his brother's policies and his rule likely marked the peak of Umayyad power and prosperity.
  • Sulayman maintained the militarist policies of his predecessors.
'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
(عمر بن عبد العزيز)		 2 November 682 September 717 February 720
  • Grandson of Marwan I
  • First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik
  • Great-grandson of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab from female-line
  • He is the only Umayyad caliph, who is known as the Rashidun caliph.
  • He was the son of Umayyad prince Abd al-Aziz, his father was actually nominated second heir by his grandfather however, he died before his accession.
  • Umar was nominated heir by his cousin Sulayman on deathbed in 717.
Yazid II
(يزيد الثاني)		 687 10 February 720 26 January 724
  • He was chosen by his paternal half-brother Caliph Sulayman (r. 715–717) as the second-in-line for the caliphate after their first cousin Umar II, who ruled from 717 to 720.[3]
  • Yazid acceded at the age of 29 following the death of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz on 9 February 720.[3][4]
  • Yazid nominated his brother as first heir and his own son as second heir.
 Hisham
(هشام بن عبد الملك)		 691 26 January 724 6 February 743
  • Nominated heir by his brother Yazid II, when his brother died he succeeded him.
  • Hisham was ruling the Caliphate with different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems.
  • Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and like his predecessors, he encouraged arts in the Empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools.
  • He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad dynasty may have been an important factor in his success.
 Al-Walid II
(الوليد الثاني)		 709 6 February 743 17 April 744 (assassinated)
  • Son of Yazid II
  • Nephew of Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik
  • Yazid II, Umayyad caliph
  • Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad al-Thaqafi
  • Al-Walid II was nominated second heir by his father Yazid II after his uncle.
  • Al-Walid succeeded to the throne on the death of caliph Hisham on 6 February 743. As heir, al-Walid was known for his open-handedness. As caliph, he took special care of the crippled and blind, increasing their stipend. He named his two sons, al-Hakam and Uthman, to succeed him in that order as documented by a letter dated 21 May 743 in al-Tabari.[5]
  • Al-Walid was Assassinated by his cousin Yazid ibn al-Walid.
Yazid III
(يزيد الثالث)		 701 17 April 744 3/4 October 744
  • After the assassination of Al-Walid II in 744, Yazid succeeded his cousin.
  • Yazid II named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour[6]
Ibrahim
(ابراهيم ابن الوليد)		 744 (few weeks) 25 January 750
(executed)
  • Al-Walid I, Umayyad caliph
  • Budayra (also known as Su'ar)
  • Ibrahim was nominated heir by his brother Yazid III, he duly succeeded him.
  • Ibrahim ruled for two months in 744 before he abdicated for Umayyad prince and General, Marwan ibn Muhammad.
Marwan II
(مروان بن محمد)		 691 744 6 August 750
(killed)
  • Ibrahim abdicated for Marwan II and he succeeded him.
  • End of Umayyad dynasty of Caliphate and rise of Abbasid dynasty in 750.
  • Marwan II was killed by First Abbasid caliph in 750, He was succeeded by Abbasid caliph As-Saffah.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Main article: Abbasid Caliphate
Image/Coin Regnal name Personal name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents Notes
 As-Sāffaḥ Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah 721 25 January 750 10 June 754
Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah 714 10 June 754 775
  • Nominated heir by his brother caliph Al-Saffah (the founder of Abbasid dynasty) in 754.
  • Al-Mansur was proclaimed Caliph on his way to Mecca in the year 753 CE (136 AH) and was inaugurated the following year.[7]
Al-Mahdi Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad 744/745 775 4 August 785
  • Nominated heir by his father. After the death of his father, he succeeded him.
  • Al-Mahdi commenced his rule by releasing several political prisoners, expanding and decorating the holy places of Mecca and Medina, and building fountains and lofts for Hajj pilgrims. He expanded the mail service, increased his secret service, fortified cities, and increased judicial appointments. His charitable giving was also impressive.[8]
  • One of the famous and powerful Abbasid caliphs
Al-Hadi Abu Muhammad Musa 764 August 785 14 September 786
  • Nominated first heir by his father Al-Mahdi after the death of his father he succeeded him.
 Al-Rashid Harun 763/766 14 September 786 24 March 809
  • Nominated second heir by his father al-Mahdi, after the death of his brother Caliph al-Hadi, he succeeded him in 786.
Al-Amin Muhammad 787 March 809 24/25 September 813
  • Nominated first heir by his father Harun al-Rashid, after the death of his father in 809, he succeeded him.
 Al-Ma'mun Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah 13/14 September 786 September 813 9 August 833
  • Nominated second heir by his father Harun al-Rashid.
  • His half-brother al-Amin tried to remove him as heir. He overthrow al-Amin and succeeded his half-brother al-Amin after a civil war in 813
 Al-Mu'tasim Abū Ishaq Muhammad October 796 9 August 833 5 January 842
  • His brother, Al-Ma'mun had made no official provisions for his succession. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his brother, rather than his son al-Abbas, as his successor.[9]

 Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 811–813 5 January 842 10 August 847
  • When his father, al-Mu'tasim took care for his son and heir to acquire experience in governance.
  • Nominated heir by his father. Al-Wathiq succeeded his father and ruled as Caliph for six years.
  • Al-Wathiq died as the result of dropsy, while being seated in an oven in an attempt to cure it.[10]

 Al-Mutawakkil Ja'far February/March 822 10 August 847 11 December 861
(assassinated)
  • As a young prince, he was appointed as Amir al-hajj by his brother Al-Wathiq in 842 and he remained a Courtier.
  • After the death of his brother, He succeeded him. He came to throne through his popularity.
  • Al-Mutawakkil was the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty would fall into a decline. He was Assassinated by his guards with support of his son Al-Muntasir.
Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad November 837 861 7 or 8 June 862
  • Reigned during the Anarchy at Samarra (861–870).
  • Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.
  • Caliph al-Mutawakkil (847–861) had created a plan of succession that would allow his sons to inherit the caliphate after his death; he would be succeeded first by his eldest son, al-Muntasir, then by al-Mu'tazz and third by al-Mu'ayyad.[11]
  • Abbasid Caliphate civil war (865–866). The war between Al-Musta'in and Al-Mu'tazz. It ended when Al-Mu'tazz became Caliph in 866.
  • Al-Mu'tazz's reign (866–869) marks the apogee of the decline of the Caliphate's central authority, and the climax of centrifugal tendencies, expressed through the emergence of the autonomous dynasties.
  • Deposition and murder of al-Muhtadi ended Anarchy at Samarra.
Al-Musta'in Ahmad 836 862 866 (executed)
Al-Mu'tazz Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad 847 866 869
Al-Muhtadi Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad 869 21 June 870
  • Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph
  • Qurb (greek concubine)
Al-Mu'tamid Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad 842 21 June 870 15 October 892
  • Al-Mu'tamid's reign marks the end of the "Anarchy at Samarra" and the start of the Abbasid restoration. His brother was Commander-in-chief al-Muwaffaq, who held the loyalty of the military and had great influence over him.
  • He Nominated his son Al-Mufawwid as first heir and his brother al-Muwaffaq as second heir.
Al-Mu'tadid Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad 854/861 October 892 5 April 902
  • Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
  • Dirar
  • Nephew of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tamid (r. 870—892). He was the son of Abbasid prince Al-Muwaffaq.
  • He added his name in line of succession and removed his cousin as heir. After his uncle death his succeeded him.
  • Al-Mu'tadid had inherited his father's gifts as a ruler and was distinguished alike for his economy and his military ability, becoming "one of the greatest of the Abbasids in spite of his strictness.[12]
Al-Muktafi Abu Muhammad ʿAlî 877/878 5 April 902 13 August 908
  • Nominated heir by his father, Caliph Al-Mu'tadid.
  • Al-Mu'tadid took care to prepare Ali al-Muktafi, his oldest son and heir, for the succession by appointing him as a provincial governor: first in Rayy, Qazvin, Qum and Hamadan.
Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 13 August 908 929 31 October 932
(killed)
  • He was Nominated heir by his half-brother Al-Muktafi, however, Al-Muktafi died young and Al-Muqtadir came to the throne at the age of 13, the youngest Caliph in Abbasid history and Islamic History.
  • Title caliph also claimed by al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimids in 909.
Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 929 950
  • Al-Muqtadir was brief deposition in favour of al-Qahir in 929 for two days.
Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 929 31 October 932
(killed)
Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 31 October 932 934 950
  • After his brother was killed, he succeeded him as Caliph.
  • In 31 October 932 he was deposed.
Al-Radi Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad December 909 934 23 December 940
  • Originally Nominated heir by his father Al-Muqtadir. After the death of his uncle Al-Qahir he succeeded him.
  • Al-Radi is commonly spoken of as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies with philosophers to discuss the questions of the day, or to take counsel on the affairs of State; the last to distribute largess among the needy, or to interpose to temper the severity of cruel officers.
Al-Muttaqi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 908 940 944 July 968
  • Beginning of the later Abbasid period
  • He was chosen by Military officer after the death of his brother Caliph Al-Radi.
Al-Mustakfi Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah 905 September 944 January 946 September/October 949
  • Al-Mustakfi was a younger son of Caliph al-Muktafi.
  • He succeeded his cousin Al-Muttaqi.
Al-Muti Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl 914 January 946 5 August 974 12 October 974
  • He succeeded his cousin Al-Mustakfi, during his reign Buyīds influence grew.
  • During the last years of his reign, Abbasids completely lost Egypt, Palestine and Hejaz.
  • Increasingly incapacitated by a partial paralysis that had begun following a stroke in 970, al-Muti was now induced to abdicate with his health as a pretext, and was replaced by his son Abd al-Karim, as al-Ta'i (r. 974–991), on 5 August.
At-Ta'i Abd al-Karīm 932 974 991 3 August 1003
  • Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph
  • Hazar also known as Atab
  • He was Nominated heir by his father Al-Muti and his father Abdicated for his son became of partial paralysis that had begun following a stroke in 970.
  • During his reign, Syria was torn by contending factions — Fatimid and Carmathian; while the Buyīds was split up into parties that were fighting among themselves. To top this all off, the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimisces stormed the east in a victorious campaign in 975. After holding the office for seventeen years, aṭ-Ṭaʼiʻ was deposed in 991.
Al-Qadir Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir 947 1 November 991 29 November 1031
  • Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir, Abbasid prince
  • Dimna
  • He succeeded his cousin, Caliph Al-Ta'i.
  • During his reign, he granted the title Sultan to Muslim rulers. The sultans were deputy of the all later Abbasid Caliphs.
Al-Qa'im Abu Ja'far 1001 29 November 1031 2 April 1075
  • Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
  • Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida
  • In 1030, al-Qadir named his son Abu Ja'far, the future Al-Qa'im.
  • During his reign Seljuk influence grew in the Caliphate.
  • Al-Qa'im granted the title Sultan to Tughril, Alp Arslan, and Malik Shah I.
Al-Muqtadi Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im 1056 2 April 1075 February 1094
  • Al-Muqtadi was the Grandson of Al-Qa'im, his father named his son Muhammad as heir, however he died then his grandfather nominated him as heir.
  • He was honored by the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuk Sultanate. Hejaz, with the Holy Cities, now recovered from the Fatimids, acknowledged again the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids.
Al-Mustazhir Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad April/May 1078 February 1094 6 August 1118
  • Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
  • Altın (Turkic concubine)
  • He succeeded his father as Caliph. He was the notable Caliph of the later Abbasid Era.
  • During his twenty-four year reign he was politically weak,
  • The appearance of the First Crusade in Syria. He his known for contributing to Mawdud's struggling against crusades to reconquer Muslim lands of Levant coastline.
 Al-Mustarshid Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl April/May 1092 6 August 1118 29 August 1135
  • He succeeded his father as Caliph. He was a notable Caliph of Later Abbasid Era.
  • He was an Arabic poet.
  • Al-Mustarshid deposed and imprisoned his vizier Amid al-dawla Jalal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali. One year later he also deposed Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk as his vizier.
Al-Rashid Billah Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr 1109 29 August 1135 1136 6 June 1138
(killed by Hashshashins)
  • Nominated heir by his father, After the assassination of his father he succeeded him.
  • Al-Rashid Billah was deposed by seljuks and he fled to Isfahan where he was assassinated by a team of four Nizari Ismailis (Assassins) in June 1138. This was celebrated in Alamut for a week.[15]
Al-Muqtafi Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad 9 March 1096 1136 12 March 1160
  • He was the brother of Caliph Al-Mustarshid and uncle of Al-Rashid Billah.
  • Al-Muqtafi successfully established a army during the later Abbasid era.
Al-Mustanjid Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf 1124 12 March 1160 20 December 1170
  • He succeeded his father Al-Muqtafi.
Al-Mustadi Hassan 1142 20 December 1170 30 March 1180
  • Al-Mustadi succeeded his father Caliph Al-Mustanjid.
  • He enjoys nothing but what he earns by the labor of his own hands, and therefore manufactures coverlets, which he stamps with his seal, and which his officers sell in the public market.
  • His political and religious authority was recognized throughout Middle East especially by Saladin ruler of Egypt. Caliph Al-Mustadi granted Saladin the title Sultan. Also gave him authority over holy cities; Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.
Al-Nasir Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad 6 August 1158 2 March 1180 4 October 1225
  • Al-Nasir was the influential Caliph of the Later Abbasid era.
  • Angelika Hartmann, Al-Nasir was the last effective Abbasid caliph[16] of Later Abbasid Caliphate.
  • His political and religious authority was recognized throughout Middle East especially in territory of Ayyubid dynasty (The dynasty of Saladin).
Al-Zahir Abu Nasr Muhammad 1176 5 October 1225 11 July 1226
  • He was Nominated as heir in 1189. He succeeded his father.
  • In his short reign, he lowered the taxes, and built a strong army to resist invasions. He died on 10 July 1226, nine months after his accession.
  • During his short reign he saw Mongol Invasion in parts of Eastern Islamic World.
Al-Mustansir Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr 17 February 1192 11 July 1226 2 December 1242
  • He succeeded his father caliph Al-Zahir.
  • Al-Mustansir was the penultimate Caliph of the later Abbasid era.
  • During his reign Eastern Islamic World was invaded by Mongols. The great cities like Bukhara, Samarkand were partially destroyed and many Muslims were killed.
 Al-Musta'sim Abu Ahmad Abdallah 1213 2 December 1242 20 February 1258
  • Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era.
  • The End of Abbasid dynasty
  • In 1261, The Later Abbasid Caliphate was succeeded by Caliphs of the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo.
Interregnum

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)
Main article: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.[17][18]

Regnal name Personal name Reign Parents Notes
Al-Mustansir Abu al-Qasim Ahmad 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261
  • Founder of Mamluk Caliphate of Cairo under the auspices of Mamluk ruler Baybars.
  • Installed as Caliph in Cairo, Egypt by the Mamluk Sultans in 1261
  • Title caliph also claimed by Al Hakim I who was installed as caliph by ruler of Aleppo
Al-Hakim I Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302
  • Abu 'Ali al-Hasan
  • Founder of Mamluk Caliphate under Mamluk sultan Baybars's auspices
  • Installed as caliph by ruler of Aleppo in 1261
  • Proclaimed as caliph by Mamluk Sultan after Al-Mustansir died
Al-Mustakfi I Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman 20 January 1302 – February 1340
Al-Wathiq I Abu Ishaq Ibrahim February 1340 – 17 June 1341
Al-Hakim II Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad 1341–1352
Al-Mu'tadid I Abu Bakr 1352–1362
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1362–1377
Al-Mus'tasim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1377
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1377–1383
Al-Wathiq II 'Umar September 1383 – 13 November 1386
Al-Mus'tasim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1386–1389
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1389 – 9 January 1406
Al-Musta'in Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414
  • Became Sultan of Egypt from 7 May 1412 until 6 November 1412
Al-Mu'tadid II Abu al-Fath Dawud 1414–1441
Al-Mustakfi II Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman 1441 – 29 January 1451
Al-Qa'im Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah 1451–1455
Al-Mustanjid Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf 1455 – 7 April 1479
Al-Mutawakkil II Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497
Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1497–1508
Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1508–1516
Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1516–1517
Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1517

Ottoman Caliphate (1517–3 March 1924)
Main article: Ottoman Caliphate

The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[19][20] Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.[21]

Image Tughra Name Reign Parents Notes
Tughra of Selim I
 Selim I 1517 – 21 September 1520
  • Reigned until his death.[22]
Tughra of Suleiman I
 Suleiman I 30 September 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566
  • Reigned until his death.[23]
Tughra of Selim II
 Selim II 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574
  • Reigned until his death.[24]
Tughra of Murad III
 Murad III 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
  • Reigned until his death.[25]
Tughra of Mehmed III
 Mehmed III 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603
  • Reigned until his death.[26]
Tughra of Ahmed I
 Ahmed I 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617
  • Reigned until his death.[27]
Tughra of Mustafa I
 Mustafa I 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618
Tughra of Osman II
 Osman II 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622
  • Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622;
  • Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Paşa (Black Da'ud Pasha) from compression of his testicles.[29]
Tughra of Mustafa I
 Mustafa I 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623
Tughra of Murad IV
 Murad IV 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640
  • Reigned until his death.[30]
Tughra of Ibrahim
 Ibrahim 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648
Tughra of Mehmed IV
 Mehmed IV 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687
Tughra of Suleiman II
 Suleiman II 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691
  • Reigned until his death.[33]
Tughra of Ahmed II
 Ahmed II 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695
  • Reigned until his death.[34]
Tughra of Mustafa II
 Mustafa II 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
  • Deposed on 22 August 1703 by reason of the Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event;
  • Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.[35]
Tughra of Ahmed III
 Ahmed III 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730
Tughra of Mahmud I
 Mahmud I 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754
  • Reigned until his death.[37]
Tughra of Osman III
 Osman III 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757
  • Reigned until his death.[38]
Tughra of Mustafa III
 Mustafa III 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774
  • Reigned until his death.[39]
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
 Abdul Hamid I 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789
  • Reigned until his death.[40]
Tughra of Selim III
 Selim III 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
Tughra of Mustafa IV
 Mustafa IV 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808
Tughra of Mahmud II
 Mahmud II 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
 Abdulmejid I 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
Tughra of Abdulaziz
 Abdulaziz 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
  • Deposed by his ministers;
  • Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.[45]
Tughra of Murad V
 Murad V 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876
  • Deposed due to his efforts to implement democratic reforms in the empire;
  • Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.[46]
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
 Abdul Hamid II 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909
Tughra of Mehmed V
 Mehmed V 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
Tughra of Mehmed VI
 Mehmed VI 4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922
—
[nb 1]		 Abdulmejid II 18 November 1922 – 3 March 1924

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

Disputed caliphates

Caliphates not accepted as legitimate by the majority of Muslims.

Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)
Main article: Sharifian Caliphate
Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.[53] Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)
Main article: Khalifatul Masih § List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.

The Khalīfatul Masīh (Arabic: خليفة المسيح‎; Urdu: خلیفہ المسیح‎; English: Successor of the Messiah), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam.[nb 2] The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.[57]

Islamic State (2014–present)
Further information: Worldwide caliphate

On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, with its first "caliph" as Amir al-Mu'minin Abu Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad Al-Badri Al-Husaini Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi As-sammera'i al-Baghdadi.[58][59] The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. Territories under the control of the Islamic State included Wilayat Al-'iraq, Wilyat Ash-sham, Wilayat gharb Ifriqiyyah (the state of West Africa), Wilayat Sharq Asia (the State of North Asia), Wilayat Khorasan, Wilayat wasat Ifriqiyyah (the State of Central of Africa), Wilayat Al-Yaman (the State of Yemen), and Wilayat Sina' (the State of Sinai).[60][61]

On 7 March 2015, Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to The Islamic State via an official audio message.[62][63] Afterwords, jama'ah Ahlu-sunnah lilda'wah wal-jihad assumed the name "Wilāyat Gharb Ifriqiyyah" (Arabic: ولاية غرب إفريقية‎, "West Africa Province") or "Islamic State of West Africa" (ISWAP).[64]

On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. President Donald Trump in Elkhart, Indiana in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."[65]

Image "Caliph" Date of birth Reigned from Reigned until
Abu-Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad al-Baghdadi 28 July 1971 29 June 2014 27 October 2019
Abu-Ibrahim Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi October 1976 31 October 2019 Present

Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
Main article: Sokoto Caliphate
The Sokoto Caliphate (pink) at its greatest extent (c. 1800)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)
Main article: Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad dynasty at its greatest extent (c. 1200)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)[66][67]

Name Reign Notes
Abd al-Mu'min 1145–1163
Abu Yaqub Yusuf I 1163–1184
Yaqub al-Mansur 1184–1199
Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
Abd al-Wahid I 1224
Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
Yahya 1227–1235
Idris I 1227–1232
Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
Ali 1242–1248
Umar 1248–1266
Idris II 1266–1269

Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Main article: Caliphate of Córdoba

(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)[68][69]

Name Reign Parents Notes
Abd-ar-Rahman III 929–961
Al-Hakam II 961–976
Hisham II al-Hakam 976–1009
Muhammad II 1009
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1009–1010
Hisham II al-Hakam 1010–1013
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1013–1016
Abd ar-Rahman IV 1021–1022
Abd ar-Rahman V 1022–1023
Muhammad III 1023–1024
  • Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Hawra
Hisham III 1027–1031
  • Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • 'Ateb

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
Main articles: Fatimid Caliphate and List of Fatimid caliphs
The Fatimid Caliphate

(The Fatimids were Isma'ili Shia who claimed to be descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and were seen as heretics by Sunnis. Their claims to a caliphate are also not recognized by the Muslim Ummah as a legitimate successor of the title of Caliph passed down from Muhammad, as no legitimate proof existed they were descendant from Fatimah).[70][71]

Name Reign Parents Notes
Al-Mahdi Billah 909–934
  • Descendant of Fatimah, youngest daughter of Muhammad
  • Founder of the Fatimid dynasty
Al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah 934–946
Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah 946–953
Al-Muizz Lideenillah 953–975 Egypt is conquered during his reign. Cairo is founded and becomes the new seat of the dynasty.
Al-Aziz Billah 975–996
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 996–1021
Ali az-Zahir 1021–1036
Al-Mustansir Billah 1036–1094
Al-Musta'li 1094–1101 Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari–Musta'li schism
Al-Amir 1101–1130
Al-Hafiz 1130–1149
  • Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir
 Hafizi–Tayyibi schism in Musta'li Isma'ilism
Al-Zafir 1149–1154
Al-Faiz 1154–1160
Al-Azid 1160–1171 Saladin abolishes the Fatimid Caliphate

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)
Main article: Hasan ibn Ali

After the death of Ali, the Muslims selected Hasan ibn Ali as the caliph. He somehow successfully made a treaty with governor Mu'awiyah that led to the latter assuming political power. Later, he abdicated as the caliph after ruled for six or seven months.

Calligraphic/Coin Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) Parents House Notes
 Hasan ibn Ali
(حسن بن علي)
Ahl al-Bayt
Al-Mujtaba		 624 661 (six or seven months) 670
  • Grandson of Muhammad
  • Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Banu Hashim
  • He was the first caliph in Islam to abdicate.
  • Considered the second successor to Muhammad by Shia Muslims.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)
Main article: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca but was defeated and killed there in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[72]

Coin Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Parents House Notes
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
(عبد الله ابن الزبير)		 May, 624 AD November 683 AD November 692 AD November 692 AD Banu Asad Grandchild of Abu Bakar as-Siddiq (first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate)

Indian caliphates

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates were clearly to have appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.[73][74][75][76]

Bornu and Songhai Empires
Main articles: Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire
The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)
Songhai Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1500)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.[77]

See also

Notes
  1. Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
  2. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam. The Sunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;[54][55][56] see also Persecution of Ahmadis on this topic.

References
  1. Islamic Imperialism, Efraim Karsh, p. 25
  2. Wellhausen 1927, p. 223.
  3. Lammens & Blankinship 2002, p. 311.
  4. Powers 1989, p. 105.
  5. al-Tabari (pp. 106–115)
  6. Dionysius of Telmahre apud Hoyland, 661 n 193
  7. Aikin, John (1747). General biography: or, Lives, critical and historical, of the most eminent persons of all ages, countries, conditions, and professions, arranged according to alphabetical order. London: G. G. and J. Robinson. p. 201. ISBN 1333072457.
  8. Bobrick 2012, p. 24.
  9. Bosworth 1987, pp. 222–223, 225.
  10. Kennedy 2006, p. 232.
  11. Bosworth, "Mu'tazz," p. 793
  12. Zetterstéen 1987, p. 777.
  13. Lane-Poole 2004, pp. 12–13
  14. Bosworth 2004, pp. 6–7
  15. Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
  16. Hanne, Eric J. (2007). Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-8386-4113-2.
  17. Bosworth 2004, p. 7
  18. Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, p. 3
  19. Lane-Poole 2004, p. 195
  20. Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–240
  21. Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 9780521223102. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  22. "Yavuz Sultan Selim Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
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  39. "Sultan III. Mustafa Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
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  55. "The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  56. "Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-08. Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.
  57. "Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online". www.alislam.org.
  58. Adam Withnall (2014-06-30). "Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East – Middle East – World". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
  59. "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  60. "Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross". 13 March 2015 – via Reuters.
  61. Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group. Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  62. "Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State". BBC news. BBC. 2015-03-07. Retrieved 2015-03-07.
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  67. Bosworth 2004, p. 39
  68. Lane-Poole 2004, p. 21
  69. Bosworth 2004, p. 11
  70. Lane-Poole 2004, p. 71
  71. Bosworth 2004, p. 63
  72. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O edited by Tony Jacques
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  74. Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing, original source from the University of Michigan ISBN 9788173915376
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Bibliography
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