External border of the European Union

The border of the European Union consists of European Union (EU) countries' borders with countries which are not members of the EU.

Map of the European Union (as of March 2020)

List of bilateral land borders

Current borders

Border	Member state	Third country	Location

#Austria–Liechtenstein border (S)	Austria	Liechtenstein	Schengen + Enclave
#Austria–Switzerland border (S)	Austria	Switzerland	Schengen + Enclave
#Bulgaria–North Macedonia border	Bulgaria	North Macedonia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Bulgaria–Serbia border	Bulgaria	Serbia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Bulgaria–Turkey border	Bulgaria	Turkey	Eurasia
#Croatia–Bosnia and Herzegovina border	Croatia	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Croatia–Montenegro border	Croatia	Montenegro	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Croatia–Serbia border	Croatia	Serbia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Cyprus–Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Akrotiri and Dhekelia have not been part of the EU)	Cyprus	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	island
#Estonia–Russia border	Estonia	Russia	Eurasia
#Finland–Norway border (S)	Finland	Norway	Schengen
#Finland–Russia border	Finland	Russia	Eurasia
#France–Andorra border	France	Andorra	Enclave
#France–Brazil border	France	Brazil	overseas territoty
#France–Monaco border (O)	France	Monaco	Open border to microstates, minimal border control
#France–Netherlands border (Saint-Martin and Sint Maarten); see Franco-Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls	France	Netherlands	insular
#France–Suriname border	France	Suriname	overseas territory
#France–Switzerland border (S)	France	Switzerland	Schengen + Enclave
#Germany–Switzerland border (S)	Germany	Switzerland	Schengen + Enclave
#Greece–Albania border	Greece	Albania	Eurasia
#Greece–North Macedonia border	Greece	North-Macedonia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Greece–Turkey border	Greece	Turkey	Eurasia
#Hungary–Serbia border	Hungary	Serbia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Hungary–Ukraine border	Hungary	Ukraine	Eurasia
#Italy–San Marino border (O)	Italy	San-Marino	Open border to microstates, minimal border control
#Italy–Switzerland border (S)	Italy	Switzerland	Schengen + Enclave
#Italy–Vatican City border (O)	Italy	Vatican	Enclave + Open border to microstates, minimal border control
#Latvia–Belarus border	Latvia	Belarus	Eurasia
#Latvia–Russia border	Latvia	Russia	Eurasia
#Lithuania–Belarus border	Lithuania	Belarus	Eurasia
#Lithuania–Russia border	Lithuania	Russia	Eurasia
#Poland–Belarus border	Poland	Belarus	Eurasia
#Poland–Russia border	Poland	Russia	Eurasia
#Poland–Ukraine border	Poland	Ukraine	Eurasia
#Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border	Republic of Ireland	United Kingdom	insular / Brexit
#Romania–Moldova border	Romania	Moldova	Eurasia
#Romania–Serbia border	Romania	Serbia	Ex-Yugoslavia
#Romania–Ukraine border	Romania	Ukraine	Eurasia
#Slovakia–Ukraine border	Slovakia	Ukraine	Eurasia
#Spain–Andorra border	Spain	Andorra	Enclave
#Spain–Gibraltar border	Spain	Gibraltar	Brexit
#Spain–Morocco border	Spain	Morocco	Africa
#Sweden–Norway border (S)	Sweden	Norway	Schengen
(S) = Internal Schengen border, no border control, although there may be customs control due to the external EU border status (O) = Open border to microstates, minimal border control

De facto borders

Cyprus–Northern Cyprus border (Green Line)

Former borders

Border	From	Until
Germany–Denmark border	1957	1973
France–Spain border	1957	1986
West German–East German border	1957	1990
Germany–Austria border	1957	1995
Italy–Austria border	1957	1995
Germany–Poland border	1990	2004
Germany–Czech Republic border	1957, 1990	2004
Austria–Czech Republic border	1995	2004
Austria–Slovakia border	1995	2004
Austria–Hungary border	1995	2004
Austria–Slovenia border	1995	2004
Italy–Slovenia border	1957	2004
Hungary–Romania border	2004	2007
Greece–Bulgaria border	1981	2007
Hungary–Croatia border	2004	2013
Slovenia–Croatia border	2004	2013

Border status and cooperation

In 2004 the European Union developed the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) for the promotion of cooperation between the EU and its neighbors to the East and South of the European territory of the EU (i.e., excluding its outermost regions),[1] which, in part, includes the Cross-Border Cooperation programme aimed at the promotion of economic development in border areas and ensuring border security.[2]

References

What is the European Neighbourhood Policy?
"The new European Neighbourhood Instrument: providing increased support to the EU's partners". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-03-14.

External links

Grigore Silaşi, Ovidiu Laurian Simina (eds.), Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union: Space of Freedom and Security, 2008, Editura Universităţii de Vest, ISBN 978-973-125-160-8

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[1] What is the European Neighbourhood Policy?

[2] "The new European Neighbourhood Instrument: providing increased support to the EU's partners". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-03-14.