Cabinet of the Netherlands

The Hague's Binnenhof. The Ministry of General Affairs, where the Council of Ministers meets every Friday, is in the centre.

The cabinet consists of the ministers and state secretaries. The cabinet is led by the Prime Minister. There are between twelve and sixteen Ministers, most of whom are also heads of specific government ministries, although there are often some ministers without portfolio who have areas of responsibility inside one or more ministries. For instance there has for some time been a minister for development cooperation, who works within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Most ministries also have a state secretary who is responsible for part of the relevant portfolio. State secretaries (such as that of Trade and Development Cooperation) are given the right to call themselves "Minister" in other countries and be treated as such for protocolary purposes, while not having any of the domestic rights given specifically to Ministers. Most significantly, state secretaries are not members of the Council of Ministers.

The policy of a cabinet is coordinated by the Council of Ministers, in which all ministers, including ministers without portfolio, take part. The Council initiates laws and policy. State secretaries do not attend the Council of Ministers unless invited, and even then they have no voting rights in the Council. The Council meets every Friday in the Trêveszaal (the Room of Treaties) in the Binnenhof. Meetings are chaired by the Prime Minister, or an acting Prime Minister if necessary. The Council makes decisions in a collegial manner; all ministers, including the Prime Minister, are (theoretically) equal. Behind the closed doors of the Trêveszaal, ministers can freely debate proposed decisions and express their opinion on any aspect of cabinet policy. Once a decision is made by the Council, all individual members are bound by it and are obliged to support it publicly. A member of Cabinet who is not prepared to publicly support a decision of the Council is obliged to step down. Typically, a good deal of effort is put into reaching relative consensus on any decision. A process of voting within the Council does exist, but is hardly ever used.

Together with the King, the Council of Ministers forms the Government, which makes all the major decisions. In practice, the King does not participate in the daily decision-making of government, although he is kept up to date by weekly meetings with the Prime Minister. The Dutch constitution does not speak of cabinet, but instead only of the Council of Ministers and Government.

The ministers, individually and collectively (as cabinet), are responsible to the States-General for government policy and must enjoy its confidence. It is not possible for a minister to be a member of parliament. Ministers or state secretaries who are no longer supported by a parliamentary majority are also expected by convention to step down. In contrast to the Westminster system, Dutch ministers may not simultaneously also be members of the States-General, although members of the States-General can be appointed as ministers, whereupon their seats become vacant.

An important question is whether the relationship between the cabinet and parliament should be dualistic or monistic. That is, whether ministers and leaders of governing parliamentary parties should prepare important political decisions. According to the dualistic position, members of parliament of governing parties should function independently of the Cabinet. The monistic position, by contrast, is that the Cabinet plays an important role in proposing legislation and policy.

After a general election held generally every four years, or if a cabinet resigns during a parliamentary term, the process of cabinet formation starts. Because of the multi-party system of the Netherlands, no single party has had a majority in parliament since 1900, and formation of a coalition of two or often three parties is always necessary. This is a time-consuming process. The entire procedure is regulated by tradition and convention, with only the final appointment process specified by law.

Initially, the Dutch Monarch has secret individual meetings with the presidents of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the Vice-President of the Council of State. Next the Monarch has a meeting with the leader of each parliamentary party in the House of Representatives. This is followed by appointing an informateur who explores the options of a new cabinet. The informateur is often a relative outsider and a veteran politician, who has retired from active politics, perhaps a member of the Senate or Raad van State, though by convention he or she has a background in the largest party in the House of Representatives. The Monarch may appoint multiple informateurs, with backgrounds in other parties. The informateur is given a specific task by the King or Queen regnant, often to "seek a coalition of parties with programmatic agreement and a majority in parliament." The informateur has one-on-one meetings with the leaders of the parliamentary parties, and chairs sessions of negotiations between the chairs of parliamentary parties as they compromise in order to achieve agreement. If negotiations break down, a new informateur is appointed and the information process begins afresh.

Once an informateur is successful, the Monarch appoints the formateur, conventionally the leader of the largest party in the prospective coalition and the likely Prime Minister. He or she leads any remaining negotiations between those parties willing to cooperate to form a cabinet. Often, these negotiations cover the details of the program of policies, the composition of the Cabinet, and the division of Ministerial portfolios.

If the formateur is successful, the Monarch appoints all ministers and state secretaries individually by Royal Decision (Koninklijk Besluit). Each Minister privately swears an oath of loyalty to the Constitution. After this the entire Council of Ministers and the King or Queen regnant are photographed on the stairs of the palace Huis ten Bosch during the bordes scene. The new cabinet then proposes its plans to parliament.

Between the dissolution of the States-General before general elections and the appointment of a new Cabinet, the incumbent Cabinet is termed demissionair, that is, a caretaker government limiting itself to urgent and pressing matters and traditionally not taking any controversial decisions. If a Cabinet falls during a parliamentary term because one of the coalition partners withdraws its support, the coalition partner in question may leave. This does not result in a demissionair Cabinet, unless the Prime Minister is granted a dissolution of the States-General. Instead, the remaining parties in the governing coalition form a rompkabinet ("rump cabinet"). If the parties do not between them control a majority of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet continues as a minority government.

The formation is often considered as important as or even more important than the elections themselves. Because of the importance of negotiations, which can lead to policies that no party has promoted during the election, cabinet formations are sometimes seen as undemocratic. Recently it was attempted to make the process more democratic, with the formateur and informateur accounting for their actions before both the House of Representatives and the Dutch Monarch. Another source of discontent with this process is the role of the monarch in it.

There are now twelve ministries, all with their own Minister, there are also several Ministers without portfolio and in some ministries there is a State Secretary next to the Minister. The number of Ministers and State Secretaries and the division of their tasks may vary somewhat from one cabinet to another. The ministries are:

Ministries				Responsibilities	Agencies / Independent Agencies	Minister	Website
		Ministry of General Affairs (Dutch: Ministerie van Algemene Zaken)	AZ	Government policy • Planning • Information • Dutch royal house	• Government Information Service • Scientific Council for Government Policy • Cabinet Office • Review Committee on the Intelligence and Security Services	Mark Rutte as Prime Minister and Minister of General Affairs	(in English) Ministry of General Affairs
		Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Dutch: Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties)	BZK	Domestic policy • Civil service • Public administration • Elections • Local governments • Intelligence • Kingdom Relations	• Safety Board • General Intelligence and Security Service • PKIoverheid	Kajsa Ollongren as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations	(in English) Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
		Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Dutch: Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken)	BZ	Foreign relations • Foreign policy • International development • International trade • European Union • NATO • Benelux • Diaspora	• Diplomatic Service • Center for the Promotion of Imports	Ben Knapen as Minister of Foreign Affairs	(in English) Ministry of Foreign Affairs
		Ministry of Finance (Dutch: Ministerie van Financiën)	FIN	Economic policy • Monetary policy • Fiscal policy • Tax policy • Incomes policy • Financial market • Regulations • Government budget	• Tax and Customs Administration • Fiscal Information and Investigation Service • Authority for the Financial Markets	Wopke Hoekstra as Minister of Finance	(in English) Ministry of Finance
		Ministry of Justice and Security (Dutch: Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid)	J&V	Justice system • Law enforcement • Public security • Emergency management • Counter-terrorism • Immigration policy • Legal aid • Drug policy • Incarcerations	• National Police Services Agency • Public Prosecution Service • National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism • Forensic Institute • Immigration and Naturalisation Service • Custodial Institutions Agency	Ferdinand Grapperhaus as Minister of Justice and Security	(in English) Ministry of Justice and Security
		Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Dutch: Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat)	EZK	Commercial policy • Energy policy • Environmental policy • Climate change policy • Renewable energy policy • Nuclear energy policy Industrial policy • Investment policy • Technology policy • Mining • Trade • Space policy • Natural resource • Tourism	• Foreign Investment Agency • Space Office • Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis • Department of Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards • Patent Office • Central Agency for Statistics • Environmental Assessment Agency	Stef Blok as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy	(in English) Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy
		Ministry of Defence (Dutch: Ministerie van Defensie)	DEF	Armed forces • Military policy • National security • Veterans Affairs • Military police • Defence diplomacy • Humanitarian aid	• Army • Navy • Air Force • Marechaussee • Coastguard • Military Intelligence and Security Service	Henk Kamp as Minister of Defence	(in English) Ministry of Defence
		Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Dutch: Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport)	VWS	Health care • Health policy • Health insurance • Pharmaceutical policy • Vaccination policy • Welfare • Biomedical sciences • Sport	• Institute for Public Health and the Environment • Health Care Inspectorate	Hugo de Jonge as Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport	(in English) Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
		Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Dutch: Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid)	SZW	Social policy • Employment • Labour economics • Occupational safety and health • Social security • Consumer protection • Trades unions • Trade associations • Emancipation	• Social and Economic Council • Inspectorate SZW	Wouter Koolmees as Minister of Social Affairs and Employment	(in English) Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
		Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Dutch: Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap)	OCW	Education policy • Cultural policy • Science policy • Knowledge policy • Research • Innovation • Art • Gender equality • Communication • Media	• Public Broadcasting Agency • National Archives • National Library • Equal Treatment Commission	Ingrid van Engelshoven as Minister of Education, Culture and Science	(in English) Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
		Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (Dutch: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat)	I&W	Transport • Aviation • Housing policy • Public works • Spatial planning • Land management • Water Management	• Rijkswaterstaat • Driving License and Certificates Agency • Meteorological Institute	Barbara Visser as Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management	(in English) Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management
		Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (Dutch: Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit)	LNV	Agricultural policy • Food policy • Food safety • Fisheries • Natural conservation • Forestry • Animal welfare	• Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority	Carola Schouten as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality	(in English) Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality

The first real cabinet was formed in 1848 after a constitution was adopted which limited the power of the King and introduced the principle of ministerial responsibility to parliament. Until 1888 cabinets lacked a real coordinating role, and instead ministers were focused on their own department. After 1888 cabinets became more political.

Of the thirty coalition governments since World War II, only three excluded the largest party (all three times PvdA) and the largest number of parties in a coalition was 5 (in 1971 and 1973). After that, the three major Christian-democratic parties merged into CDA, and 2- or 3-party coalitions became standard.

Since 1945 there have been thirty cabinets, which were headed by 15 Prime Ministers. Willem Drees and Jan Peter Balkenende both chaired the most cabinets (four) and Ruud Lubbers served as Prime Minister the longest (between 1982 and 1994). The second Rutte cabinet was the longest lasting cabinet since World War II (1,816 days); only the cabinet led by Theo Heemskerk sat longer (2025 days). The first Balkenende cabinet is the shortest lasting normal cabinet since World War II (87 days); only the fifth cabinet of Hendrikus Colijn lasted shorter (10 days).

The Cabinet of the Netherlands also takes responsibility for day-to-day affairs in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is distinct from the Netherlands, as it also includes the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. If affairs are decided which are of vital importance of the Kingdom as a whole, the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands is joined by one Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba and one for the other Antilles to form the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom.

There are different types of cabinets:

• A demissionary cabinet (demissionair kabinet) is a caretaker government during the election campaign and the formation of a new cabinet.
• An extra-parliamentary cabinet (extraparlementair kabinet) not based on a parliamentary majority. The last extra-parliamentary cabinet was the Den Uyl cabinet. It consisted of members of the three progressive parties (the social democratic PvdA, the social liberal D66, and the progressive Christian PPR) and progressive members from the Christian democratic ARP and KVP. It is contrasted with a parliamentary cabinet, which does have an explicit majority in parliament.
• A rump cabinet (rompkabinet) is the continuation of a Dutch cabinet when it has lost a coalition partner, typically a form of minority government, where the cabinet has not become demissionary, but seeks support from a majority of parliament to finish the work that was already introduced by the cabinet to the parliament. Normally the Dutch Monarch will call for dissolution of parliament somewhat later, since the basis behind the coalition agreement is gone.
• A broad basis cabinet (brede basiskabinet) is an oversized coalition or national cabinet. Between 1945 and 1959, several cabinets have included more parties than were necessary for a parliamentary majority. The first one of which was the Schermerhorn cabinet. Other parties were included to give the cabinet and its far-reaching proposals, like the formation of a welfare state, a broad basis in parliament and society. The core of these cabinets were formed by the social democratic PvdA and the catholic KVP, the Roman/Red alliance which by themselves had a large majority in parliament.

• List of cabinets of the Netherlands