Gliese 1061

Gliese 1061 is a red dwarf star located approximately 12 light-years (3.7 parsecs) from Earth in the southern constellation of Horologium. Even though it is a relatively nearby star, it has an apparent visual magnitude of about 13,[2] so it can only be seen with at least a moderately-sized telescope.

Gliese 1061
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Horologium
Right ascension 03h 35m 59.69s[1]
Declination −44° 30′ 45.3″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 13.03[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M5.5 V[2]
Apparent magnitude (J) 7.52 ± 0.02[3]
U−B color index 1.52[3]
B−V color index 1.90[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−8 km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 750.01[4] mas/yr
Dec.: -349.98[5] mas/yr
Parallax (π)272.1615 ± 0.0316[6] mas
Distance11.984 ± 0.001 ly
(3.6743 ± 0.0004 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)15.26[4]
Details
Mass0.113[5] M☉
Radius0.156±0.005 − 0.19[7] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.0017±0.0001 − 0.003[7] L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV)0.00007[nb 1] L☉
Temperature2953±98 − 2999±41[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.09±0.09[8] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)≤ 5[9] km/s
Age>7.0±0.5[7] Gyr
Other designations
GJ 1061, LHS 1565, LFT 295, LTT 1702, LP 995-46, L 372-58[3]
Database references
SIMBADdata

The proper motion of Gliese 1061 has been known since 1974, but it was estimated to be further away: approximately 25 light-years (7.7 parsecs) distant based upon an estimated parallax of 0.130″. The RECONS accurately determined its distance in 1997. At that time, it was the 20th-nearest star system to the Sun. The discovery team noted that many more stars like this are likely to be discovered nearby.[2]

This star is a tiny, dim, red dwarf, close to the lower mass limit. It has an estimated mass of about 11.3% of the Sun and is only about 0.2% as luminous.[5][7] The star displays no significant infrared excess due to circumstellar dust.[10]

Planetary system
Orbits of the exoplanets in the Gliese 1061 system compared to the HZ. Gliese 1061 b has the innermost orbit, Gliese 1061 c the intermediate one, and Gliese 1061 d the outermost.

On August 13, 2019, a planetary system was announced orbiting the star Gliese 1061 by the Red Dots project of detecting terrestrial planets around nearby red dwarf stars.[7] The planet Gliese 1061 d orbits in the conservative circumstellar habitable zone of its star and the planet Gliese 1061 c orbits in the inner edge of the habitable zone.[7] Gliese 1061 is a non-variable star that does not suffer flares, so there is a greater probability that the exoplanets still conserve their atmosphere if they had one.[11]

The Gliese 1061 planetary system
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 1.38+0.16
−0.15 M🜨		 0.021 ± 0.001 3.204 ± 0.001 < 0.31 — —
c 1.75 ± 0.23 M🜨 0.035 ± 0.001 6.689 ± 0.005 < 0.29 — —
d 1.68+0.25
−0.24 M🜨		 0.054 ± 0.001 13.031+0.025
−0.032		 < 0.53 — —

Gliese 1061 c
Gliese 1061 c
Discovery[7]
Discovered byDreizler et al. 2019[7]
Discovery date13 August 2019
Doppler spectroscopy
Orbital characteristics
0.035 ± 0.001 au
Eccentricity< 0.29
6.689 ± 0.005 d
88+95
−85°
JD 2458300.2+1.9
−1.5
Semi-amplitude2.48+0.28
−0.29 m/s
Physical characteristics
Mass>1.75 ± 0.23

    Gliese 1061 c (also known as GJ 1061 c) is a potentially habitable exoplanet orbiting within the limits of the optimistic defined habitable zone of its red dwarf parent star.[12][13][7]

    Gliese 1061 c is 75% more massive than the Earth.

    The planet receives 35% more stellar flux than Earth and has an equilibrium temperature of 275 K (2 °C; 35 °F).[14] The average temperature on the surface would be warmer, 34 °C (307 K; 93 °F), provided the atmosphere is of similar composition to the Earth's.

    Gliese 1061 c orbits its parent star very closely, every 6.7 days at a distance of just 0.035 au, so it is probably gravitationally locked and in synchronous rotation with its star.

    Gliese 1061 d
    Gliese 1061 d
    Discovery[7]
    Discovered byDreizler et al. 2019[7]
    Discovery date13 August 2019
    Doppler spectroscopy
    Orbital characteristics
    0.052 ± 0.001 au
    Eccentricity<0.54
    13.031 d[15]
    157+88
    −71    °
    Semi-amplitude1.86±0.25 m/s
    Physical characteristics
    Mass>1.68+0.25
    −0.24

      Gliese 1061 d (also known as GJ 1061 d) is a potentially habitable exoplanet largely orbiting within the limits of the conservative defined habitable zone of its parent red dwarf star.[12][16][7]

      The exoplanet is 68% more massive than the Earth.

      The planet receives about 40% less stellar flux than Earth and has an estimated equilibrium temperature of 218 K (−55 °C; −67 °F).[12][7] The average temperature on the surface would be colder than Earth's and at around 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F), provided the atmosphere is similar to that of Earth.

      Gliese 1061 d orbits its star every 13 days, and due to its close-in semi-major axis, it is likely that the exoplanet is tidally locked.[15] However, if the planet's orbit is confirmed to be highly eccentric then this eccentricity could be desynchronising it, enabling the existence of non-synchronised states of equilibrium in its rotation, relative to which side of the planet is facing the star, and thereby it will experience a day/night cycle.[17]

      See also

      Notes
      1. Taking the absolute visual magnitude of Gliese 1061, , and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, , the visual luminosity of Gliese 1061 can therefore be calculated:

      References
      1. Cutri, R. M.; et al. (June 2003). "2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
      2. Henry, Todd J.; et al. (1997). "The solar neighborhood IV: discovery of the twentieth nearest star". The Astronomical Journal. 114: 388–395. Bibcode:1997AJ....114..388H. doi:10.1086/118482.
      3. "LHS 1565". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
      4. Scholz, R.-D.; et al. (2000). "New high-proper motion survey in the Southern sky". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 353: 958–969. Bibcode:2000A&A...353..958S.
      5. "The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems". RECONS. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
      6. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
      7. Dreizler, S.; Jeffers, S. V.; Rodríguez, E.; Zechmeister, M.; Barnes, J.R.; Haswell, C.A.; Coleman, G. A. L.; Lalitha, S.; Hidalgo Soto, D.; Strachan, J.B.P.; Hambsch, F-J.; López-González, M. J.; Morales, N.; Rodríguez López, C.; Berdiñas, Z. M.; Ribas, I.; Pallé, E.; Reiners, Ansgar; Anglada-Escudé, G. (2019-08-13). "Red Dots: A temperate 1.5 Earth-mass planet in a compact multi-terrestrial planet system around GJ1061". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1908.04717. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa248. S2CID 199551874.
      8. Neves, V.; et al. (August 2014). "Metallicity of M dwarfs. IV. A high-precision [Fe/H] and Teff technique from high-resolution optical spectra for M dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 568: 22. arXiv:1406.6127. Bibcode:2014A&A...568A.121N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424139. S2CID 118619790. A121.
      9. Barnes, J. R.; et al. (April 2014). "Precision radial velocities of 15 M5-M9 dwarfs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 439 (3): 3094–3113. arXiv:1401.5350. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.439.3094B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu172. S2CID 16005221.
      10. Avenhaus, H.; et al. (December 2012). "The nearby population of M-dwarfs with WISE: a search for warm circumstellar dust". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: 15. arXiv:1209.0678. Bibcode:2012A&A...548A.105A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219783. S2CID 56397054. A105.
      11. Starr, Michelle. "Three Rocky Exoplanets Have Been Found Orbiting a Star Just 12 Light-Years Away". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      12. "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo". phl.upr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      13. "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      14. "Trio of Super-Earths Found Orbiting Red Dwarf Gliese 1061 | Astronomy | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      15. "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      16. "GJ 1061 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      17. Auclair-Desrotour, P.; et al. (2019). "Final spin states of eccentric ocean planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. 629: A132. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935905. ISSN 0004-6361. While the semidiurnal tide drives the body towards the spin-orbit synchronous rotation, eccentricity tides tend to desynchronise it, and thereby enable the existence of non-synchronised states of equilibrium.
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