GUS (retailer)

GUS plc was an FTSE 100 retailing, manufacturing and financial conglomerate based in the United Kingdom. GUS is an abbreviation of Great Universal Stores, the company's name before 2001. The company started out as Universal Stores, a mail order business created by the Rose family.[1] In 1931, Isaac Wolfson joined the mail order company and would, through a series of takeovers, turn it into a retail, manufacturing and financial conglomerate,[2] becoming Europe's biggest mail order firm.[3] During the 1980s, the business divested much of it's physical retail and manufacturing subsidiaries to concentrate on mail order, property and finance.[4][5][6] In October 2006, the company was split into two separate companies: Experian which continues to exist, and Home Retail Group which was bought by Sainsbury's in 2016.

GUS plc
IndustryRetail
Founded1900 as Universal Stores
Defunct10 October 2006
FateDemerged
Successors
HeadquartersLondon, England
Key people
Isaac Wolfson,
Leonard Wolfson,
David Wolfson,
Victor Barnett,
Sir Victor Blank (Chairman)
ProductsMail order
Clothing
Footwear
Furniture
Number of employees
54,926
Subsidiaries

History

Universal Stores was founded in 1900 as a mail-order business in Manchester, England by Abraham, George and Jack Rose. A private company, Universal Stores (Manchester) Ltd, was setup to manage the business and the company was incorporated in 1917.[1] In 1930, the company changed its name to Great Universal Stores Limited. The next year it was listed on the London Stock Exchange. At this stage, it was the leading mail order business in the UK, with a single catalogue, Great Universal. A second catalogue, John England, was launched later in the 1930s.[1]

In 1931, Isaac Wolfson was invited to join the company as merchandise controller after impressing director George Rose at a trade fair in Manchester.[2] He became joint managing director a year later with George Rose,[2] who subsequently resigned in 1934 leaving Wolfson in sole charge.[7] He was chairman from the late 1940s until his retirement in 1987. Through his wealth gained at Great Universal Stores, he established the Wolfson Foundation in 1955. His son, Leonard Wolfson, followed him as chairman, to be succeeded by his nephews David Wolfson (1996–2000)[8] and Victor Barnett (2000–2002).[9]

Great Universal acquired Kay & Company Ltd in 1937, and continued to run its catalogue, Kays, as a separate title. Based in Worcester, Kay & Company began life in the 1880s and was an established mail order company at the time of the GUS takeover.[1]

In 1934, Great Universal started to grow its furniture business by purchasing the Midland ad Hackney chains.[10] This was followed in 1943 by the purchase of the Jays and Campbell chains for £1.2 million from it's owner Sir Julien Cahn,[10] and British and Colonial Furniture Company in 1945, along with its Cavendish and Woodhouse chains for £1 million[10] and the manufacturing business of Tyne Plywood Works.[11] Smart Brothers furniture chain was added in 1948 for a further £1 million.[10] In 1946, a Working Party report stated its concerns about GUS purchases:[10]

A large group has recently acquired control of several well known multiple house furnishing businesses and now owns 480 stores throughout the country. In addition it has still more recently obtained control of several large manufacturing units and one plywood plant... so its clear... this organisation will be in a position to exercise very considerable influence on the trade

They continued to buy furniture stores, with Waring & Gillows being purchased in 1953, however a large share of the business was sold to rival furniture chain "John Peters", run by Manny Cussins for cash and shares in 1960.[12] In 1968, GUS purchased the combined furniture and menswear group Times-Willerby, adding The Times Furnishing Company to its furniture retail portfolio,[13] while also purchasing the Welsh based furniture retailer S. Aston & Sons in 1968.[14] In 1985, GUS combined The Times Furnishing Group, and its remaining furniture business's that had been consolidated under Cavendish-Woodhouse, were branded under the Times name.[15] The business was sold to Harris Queensway in 1986.[16]

This was followed in 1958 by the acquisition of a paint and wall covering chain of shops, which GUS expanded to form a much larger and more comprehensive chain of DIY stores. GUS also purchased or developed stores selling women's and children's clothing, buying up the Burberry's and Scotch House businesses in 1955. Burberry's also included a clothing manufacturing business.[1] GUS developed its manufacturing businesses in the 1950s, with products including clothing, bedding, upholstery, textiles and pottery.[1]

GUS acquired A & S Henry & Co group in 1971 after a battle with fellow retailing group United Drapery Stores.[17][18] This group was primarily a group of paper pulp and carpet manufacturing businesses and a mail order unit trading as John Noble. This was followed in 1976 by the acquisition of S & U Stores Ltd, a chain store and department store holding company which operated catalogues, Greenbank and Meridien;[19] In 1977 the acquisition of Henry Wigfall & Son Ltd catalogue business of All Yours, Wigfalls at Home and Choice Mail Order were purchased,[19] and in 1981 GUS acquired the John Myers Home Shopping catalogue business from UDS Group plc.[20] All of these mail order businesses became part of the GUS subsidiary, the British Mail Order Corporation Ltd (BMOC) and were run separately from Kay & Company Ltd.[1]

By 1983 the company had expanded its range of operations significantly. Catalogue mail order was by far the company's primary business but the company was also engaged in retailing through shops, the manufacture of clothing and household goods, financial services, property investment and travel.[1] By this time the business was international, with operations in Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Canada, South Africa and Australia and smaller interests in Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, the United States and Hong Kong.[1] However, in 1983 the Monopolies & Mergers Commission vetoed a merger of GUS with rival Empire.[21] A joint venture started in 1984 between commercial delivery firm Lex Wilkinson and GUS Transport, better known as White Arrow.[22]

In 1995, Marks and Spencers and GUS discussed a merger but it was eventually blocked by the M & S board.[23] The company acquired Argos in 1998[24] and the UK's second largest online retailer at the time, Jungle.com, in 2000 for £37 million.[25]

In 2001 the company changed its name to GUS plc using the identifier GUS on the London Stock Exchange. In November 2002, Homebase was acquired by GUS plc for £900 million, where it formed part of the Argos Retail Group. The previous month, GUS had announced that the Jungle.com business was also to be merged into the ARG division of the business and run from Argos' Milton Keynes headquarters.[26] From early in the year the Home Shopping division also embarked on a successful turnaround strategy helped by advisers managed by Rob Wherrett of Zymolysis.[27]

In 2004, the company sold its traditional home shopping (catalogues) division to the Barclay twins, who later merged the Littlewoods mail order operations into it.[28] This included the iconic Great Universal Stores catalogue, from which the company took its name, and completed the departure of GUS from its original business areas. Around the same time, the Barclays announced the closure of the Littlewoods Index catalogue showroom chain, the principal rival to Argos in the UK, selling around 35 stores to Argos.[29]

Following a reorganization led by Barnett, it was announced in May 2005 that GUS would divest its stake in Burberry by distributing Burberry shares to its own shareholders. The Burberry demerger was completed in December 2005.[30]

On 28 March 2006, it was announced that the company would split into two separate businesses, Home Retail Group and Experian, with both companies listed separately on the London Stock Exchange as of 11 October 2006.[31] GUS plc became a wholly owned subsidiary of Experian plc after the demerger and was renamed Experian Finance plc.[32]

GUS plc ranked as the highest-spending online advertiser in the US, according to Nielsen NetRatings, spending over $US659m in 2006.[33] The next-ranked online advertiser, Vonage, had sales of just over $US294m.[33]

Operations pre 1998

Mail order catalogues in United Kingdom
  • Great Universal[1]
  • John England (1933)[1]
  • Marshall Ward (1936)[34]
  • Kay & Co. Purchased 1937.[1]
  • Trafford Warehouse purchased 1938[34]
  • Samyel Drive purchased 1938[34]
  • Morses purchased 1947[34]
  • The Royal Welsh Warehouse purchased 1954[34]
  • Bollin House purchased 1961[34]
  • Dyson and Horsfall purchased 1962[34]
  • Chorlton Warehouse purchased 1963[34]
  • John Noble purchased 1971[17]
  • Greenbank and Meridien purchased 1976[19]
  • All Yours, Wigfalls at Home and Choice Mail Order purchased 1977[19]
  • John Myers purchased 1981[20]
  • Innovations purchased 1997[35][36][37]
  • McCord's[36]

Mail order catalogues in Europe
  • Wehkamp (Holland) purchased 1962.[38]
  • Universal Versand (Austria) purchased 1968[39][40]
  • Hallens I. Barrasford (Sweden)[41] purchased 1966[42]
  • Verdia (Switzerland) purchased 1982[43]

Department stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Department stores outside the United Kingdom
  • Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. purchased 1957.[34] Operating stores in Far East and Kenya.

Drapers
  • W. Brydson & Co (Perth)[63]
  • Evans and Allen (Newport)[64]
  • Garrett & Co (Woolwich)[64][65] Closed 1972 and replaced by a Times Furnishing store.[66]
  • Rees Howell (Glamorgan)[63]
  • John Dyer (Southsea)[67]
  • R. W. Pritchard (Shephards Bush)[67]
  • Taylor-Nottidge Group including subsidiaries:[67]
    • F. Taylor & Sons (Lambeth)
    • J. T. Nottidge (Islington)
    • Gergels (Gravesend)
    • Beck Jones (Lewisham)
    • John Williams & Co (Rotherhithe)
    • Heywoods (Manor Park)
  • Penberthys of Oxford Street purchased 1955[34]

Clothing retailers in the United Kingdom
  • Jays of Regent Street purchased 1946[68]
  • Wilsons purchased 1947[34]
  • Jax purchased 1949[34]
  • John Temple purchased 1954[34]
  • Rego Clothiers purchased 1954[64][69][65]
  • Burberry purchased 1955.[1]
  • Scotch House purchased 1955.[1]
  • Weaver to Weaver purchased 1955.[64]
  • Morrisons (and subsidiaries) purchased 1957[34][70][63]
  • Neville Reed purchased 1957[34]
  • Hector Powe purchased 1958.[34]
  • Hope Brothers purchased 1958.[34]
  • J.Marksmith & Co. purchased 1958 with subsidiary:[63]
  • Tailorfit purchased 1962[34]
  • Willerby purchased 1968[13]

Clothing retailers in Europe

Footwear Retailers
  • Flateau Group purchased 1956. Subsidiaries included:[74]
    • Henry Playfair
    • Metropole Shoes
    • Metropolitan Boot Co.
  • Greenlees & Sons purchased 1957. Subsidiaries included:[75]
    • Easiphit
    • Dicks
    • J.W. Haylock
    • Peter of Durham
    • K. Stanton & Sons
    • Sandra

(Businesses were merged into Greenlees Lennards Ltd.)[80]

Discount retailers
  • Thoms Household Goods[4] purchased 1970[81]

Furniture retailers
  • Hackney and Midland purchased 1934[10]
  • Jays purchased 1943[82][10]
  • Campbells purchased 1943[10]
  • British and Colonial Furniture Company purchased 1945[82] with subsidaries:
    • Cavendish
    • Woodhouse
  • Baron Furnishers purchased 1947[34]
  • Smart Brothers purchased 1948[82][10]
  • Jackson Stores purchased 1949[82][83]
  • Waring & Gillow purchased 1953[84] Partially sold 1960.
  • Oetzmann & Co. purchased 1954.[50]
  • Godfrey[49]
  • James Broderick[49]
  • Times Furniture purchased 1968.[85][13]
  • S. Aston & Sons purchased 1968.[14]

Furniture contractors

Electrical retailers
  • Boyds purchased 1948[34][87]
  • J & F Stone Lighting and Radio Ltd purchased 1971[87][88]

DIY stores

Travel Agents and Tour Companies
  • Globe Tours purchased 1956[34]
  • Overland Tours purchased 1956[34]
  • Sunlight Holidays purchased 1962[34]

(Brought together under Global name)[93]

Manufacturing
  • Myers & Morris (furniture) purchased 1937[94]
  • Tyne Plywood Works[95]
  • Tyne Furniture Works[95][49]
  • Rylands & Sons purchased 1953[96][97] and subsidaries:
    • Dacca Mills
    • Lintex
    • Vyse Sons & Co
    • Stapley & Smith
  • Burberry purchased 1955.[1]
  • Polikoff (clothing)[98]
  • Universal Furniture Products[49]
  • Gill & Reigate[49]
  • Joseph Johnstone[49]
  • Northern Bedding[49]
  • Commercial Plastics Ltd[75]
  • W.C. Grace & Sons (Carpets)[75]
  • John Woodrow & Sons (Silk Goods)[75]
  • Joseph Johnson of Lichwinnoch (Furniture)[75]
  • T.G. Hunt & Sons (Footwear)[75]
  • Munn and Felton (Footwear)[75]
  • Barretts of Staffordshire (Pottery)[75]
  • Sherrion (Hosiery and Knitwear)[75]
  • Greenlees & Sons (Footwear)[75]
  • Scottish Textile & Manufacturing Company purchased 1965[99]
  • Bollington Textile Printers[100]

Finance and data business
  • All Counties Insurance Company[101]
  • General Guarantee for Finance[102]
  • Highway Vehicle Management[103]
  • Whiteaway Laidlaw Bank[101][104]
  • CCN (Commercial Credit Nottingham)[105]
  • TRW (Thompson Ramo Woolridge) purchased 1996[105]
  • Metromail[106] purchased 1998[107]

Printing business

Property Management and Development
  • Great Universal Stores Development Company Inc.[109]
  • BL Universal[110][111]

Operations 1998 onwards

The company had two main divisions:

  • ARG – The Argos Retail Group, subsequently demerged to become Home Retail Group, which consisted of several subdivisions, including
    • Argos (previously an independent company, once owned by British American Tobacco) – the UK's largest catalogue retailer
    • Homebase (formerly owned and founded by J Sainsbury) – a DIY (home improvement) retailer
    • ARG Financial Services – provider of store card services, such as the Argos Card and Argos insurance products.
    • Breathe.com - Internet service provider purchased in 2001, selling it three months later.[112]
  • Experian – a credit reporting agency

Canadian operations

Great Universal Stores of Canada Limited operated 150 furniture and appliance stores across Canada as of early 1963. Charles Wolfson, formerly president,[113] became chairman as of 1 January 1963, and John P. Adderley became president and chief executive officer.[114]

The businesses included:

In the early 1990s the Canadian company was fined $45,000 (Canadian) for misleading advertising, the largest total fine during that fiscal year. At that point, the company was doing business under the name of Légaré Woodhouse in Montreal and elsewhere in Quebec.[115]

See also

References
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Further reading
  • Great Universal Stores, 25 years of progress: 1932 The Growth and Activities of the Great Universal Stores Limited under the direction of Mr. Isaac Wolfson. London, 1957
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