Liver failure

Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology. Two forms are recognised, acute and chronic (cirrhosis).[1] Recently, a third form of liver failure known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is increasingly being recognized.[2]

Liver failure
Other namesHepatic insufficiency, liver dsyfunction
A person with massive ascites and caput medusae due to cirrhotic liver failure
SpecialtyGastroenterology, hepatology 
Symptomsabdominal inflammation, fluid retention, hyperglycemia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, acute or chronic fatigue, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, bilirubinuria, glycosuria, pruritus
Risk factorsExcessive consumption of alcohol, fatty foods; obesity; Type 2 Diabetes; sharing or reusing syringes; having tattoos or body piercings

Acute
Main article: Acute liver failure

Acute liver failure is defined as "the rapid development of hepatocellular dysfunction, specifically coagulopathy and mental status changes (encephalopathy) in a patient without known prior liver disease".[3]:1557[4]

The disease process is associated with the development of a coagulopathy of liver aetiology, and clinically apparent altered level of consciousness due to hepatic encephalopathy. Several important measures are immediately necessary when the patient presents for medical attention.[5] The diagnosis of acute liver failure is based on physical exam, laboratory findings, patient history, and past medical history to establish mental status changes, coagulopathy, rapidity of onset, and absence of known prior liver disease respectively.[3]:1557

The exact definition of "rapid" is somewhat questionable, and different sub-divisions exist which are based on the time from onset of first hepatic symptoms to onset of encephalopathy. One scheme defines "acute hepatic failure" as the development of encephalopathy within 26 weeks of the onset of any hepatic symptoms. This is sub-divided into "fulminant hepatic failure", which requires onset of encephalopathy within 8 weeks, and "subfulminant", which describes onset of encephalopathy after 8 weeks but before 26 weeks.[6] Another scheme defines "hyperacute" as onset within 7 days, "acute" as onset between 7 and 28 days, and "subacute" as onset between 28 days and 24 weeks.[3]:1557

Chronic
Main article: Chronic liver failure

Chronic liver failure usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, itself potentially the result of many possible causes, such as excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).

Acute on chronic

"Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF)" is said to exist when someone with chronic liver disease develops features of liver failure. These features can include "acute jaundice deepening and coagulopathy".[7][8] A number of underlying causes may precipitate this based on where a patient lives, such as alcohol misuse, drug abuse, or infection in the West.[9] Meanwhile in Asia ACLF is often caused as a result contracting hepatitis. [10][11]People with ACLF can be critically ill and require intensive care treatment, and occasionally a liver transplant. Mortality with treatment is 50%.[12]

See also

References
  1. O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993). "Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes". Lancet. 342 (8866): 273–5. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91818-7. PMID 8101303. S2CID 21583699.
  2. Arroyo, Vicente; Kamath, Patrick; Moreau, Richard; Jalan, Rajiv (2016). "Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Distinct Clinical Condition". Seminars in Liver Disease. 36 (2): 107–108. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1583287. PMID 27172350.
  3. Sleisenger, edited by Mark Feldman, Lawrence S. Friedman, Lawrence J. Brandt; consulting editor, Marvin H. (2009). Sleisenger & Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management (PDF) (9th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: MD Consult. ISBN 978-1-4160-6189-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  4. Munoz, SJ; Stravitz, RT; Gabriel, DA (2009). "Coagulopathy of acute liver failure". Clinics in Liver Disease. 13 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2008.10.001. ISSN 1089-3261. PMID 19150314.
  5. "EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure" (PDF). Journal of Hepatology. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  6. Sood, Gagan K. "Acute Liver Failure". Mescape. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  7. Fang P, Dou B, Liang J, et al. Quercetin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting HMGB1 and Its Translocation, Thereby Alleviating Liver Injury in ACLF Rats Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : Ecam. 2021 Jan;2021. PMCID: PMC8665894.
  8. S. K. Sarin, A. Choudhury, M. K. Sharma et al., “Acute-on- chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update,” Hepatology international, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 353–390, 2019.
  9. Fang P, Dou B, Liang J, et al. Quercetin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting HMGB1 and Its Translocation, Thereby Alleviating Liver Injury in ACLF Rats Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : Ecam. 2021 Jan;2021. PMCID: PMC8665894.
  10. Fang P, Dou B, Liang J, et al. Quercetin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting HMGB1 and Its Translocation, Thereby Alleviating Liver Injury in ACLF Rats Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : Ecam. 2021 Jan;2021. PMCID: PMC8665894.
  11. J. S. Bajaj, R. Moreau, P. S. Kamath et al., “Acute-on-Chronic liver failure: getting ready for prime time?” Hepatology, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1621–1632, 2018
  12. Sarin, Shiv Kumar; Choudhury, Ashok (17 October 2016). "Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 18 (12): 61. doi:10.1007/s11894-016-0535-8. PMID 27747458. S2CID 29435525.
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