John Rock (scientist)

John Charles Rock was born on March 24, 1890, in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and died on December 4, 1984, in Peterborough, New Hampshire, at the age of 94. He was born into a Roman Catholic family. Rock was a known scientist, obstetrician and gynecologist, but he was also an author who wrote a few books after his discovery of the contraceptive pill. He attended Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1912 where he received his bachelor's degree in 1915.[1] He then attended and graduated from Harvard University Medical School in 1918. He originally planned to specialized in the nervous disorders, however he decided to change it to obstetrics and gynecology[2] and founded his own medical practice a few years later[3] and retired in 1956. Rock was the founder of the Rock Reproductive Study Center at the Free Hospital for Women in Brookline, Massachusetts and was also a Clinical Professor of Gynecology at Harvard Medical School. [4]Rock and his wife raised five children.[5]

Rock was a pioneer in in vitro fertilization and sperm freezing. He helped many of his patients achieve pregnancy and became known as a "ground-breaking infertility specialist".[3]

As his career progressed, Rock also became known for his acceptance of birth control. (Birth control was illegal in Massachusetts until the 1965 Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut.) In the 1930s, he founded a clinic to teach the rhythm method, the only birth control conditionally regarded as moral by the Catholic Church at the time. In 1931, Rock was the only Catholic physician to sign a petition to legalize birth control. In the 1940s, he taught at Harvard Medical School—and included birth control methods in his curriculum. Rock also coauthored a birth control guide for the general reader, titled Voluntary Parenthood and published in 1949.[3]

For most of Rock’s medical career, he directed and practiced at the Fertility and Endocrine Clinic at the Free Hospital for Women in Boston, Massachusetts.[6] In addition to practicing as a medical doctor, he was an active researcher, striving to discover new knowledge and offer more help to his female patients. In collaboration with Marshall Bartlett, Rock conducted research on the schedule of ovulation and the sequential stages of the endometrium during a woman’s menstrual cycle.[6] Rock’s research throughout the 1930s to 1950s focused on two large projects that advanced reproductive medicine.[6] Working with Arthur Hertig, Rock identified implantation and the following stages of embryonic development.[6] In another project, with Miriam Menkin as his assistant, they researched human in vitro fertilization.[6] Their study reported in 1944 that eggs fertilized outside the human body had successfully initiated embryonic cleavage for the first time in a lab setting.[6] The report obtained national attention and was dubbed “test-tube fertilization”.[6] This research opened a door of possibilities for future technology to overcome obstacles in reproductive medicine, providing hope to many women experiencing infertility. Although Rock and Menkin’s findings were groundbreaking, the research for in vitro fertilization was not advanced and safe enough to be used in clinical practice until many decades later.[6]

In 1951 and 1952, Margaret Sanger arranged for funding for Gregory Pincus's research of hormonal contraception. In 1952, John Rock was recruited to investigate clinical use of progesterone to prevent ovulation. In 1955, the team announced successful clinical use of progestins to prevent ovulation.[5] Enovid, the brand name of the first pill, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and put on the market in 1957 as a menstrual regulator. In 1960, Enovid gained approval from the FDA for contraceptive use.[7]

Rock was 70 years old when Enovid was approved for contraceptive use.[3][5] Over the next eight years, Rock campaigned vigorously for Roman Catholic approval of the pill. He published a book, The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle over Birth Control, and was subsequently featured in Time and Newsweek, and gave a one-hour interview to NBC.[5] In 1958, Pope Pius XII declared that use of the pill to treat menstrual disorders was not contrary to Catholic morals. Rock believed it was only a matter of time before the Catholic Church approved its use as a contraceptive.

In 1968 the papal encyclical Humanae vitae laid out definitively the Catholic Church's opposition to hormonal and all other artificial means of contraception. Rock was profoundly disappointed. Consequently, he withdrew from the Church that he loved so much.[8]

Although it has been claimed by some journalists that Rock was to blame for adding "unnecessary" breaks in use of the pill (instructing one week of taking placebo sugar pills every month), Jane Dickson of the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare of RCOG stated in an interview that there were many more reasons for a placebo period, including as a recovery period from the then high dosage of hormones from the pill, and as reassurance that in having menstrual flow (although it was not a true period) one was not pregnant. [9]

In later years, Rock and Menkin would receive many letters from people about Rock's early optimism for how long it would take for IVF to be used in the clinic. Rock was said to have been filled with sadness as he had to inform women that the IVF technology would not be ready in time. He had then predicted that it would be decades before in vitro fertilization was used to successfully make women pregnant. After realizing he could no longer contribute to the IVF project, Rock decided to move on. He wanted to develop a more successful way of opening blocked Fallopian tubes, therefore his last idea before abandoning his research was the creation of artificial or plastic Fallopian tubes.[13]

Rock retired in 1969 from his practice and moved into a farmhouse in Temple, New Hampshire. [14] After his retirement, he founded the independent Rock Reproductive Study Center, later renamed as Rock Reproductive Clinic, Inc., in Brookline, Massachusetts. [15] This center was known to focus on fertility, sterility, and the development of the oral contraceptives, now known as the birth control pill. [16] He remained working at the clinic until around the late 1960's and eventually sold his practice to Dr. John H. Derry of Newton who renamed it to Derry-Rock Clinic in Roxbury, Massachusetts. [17]He died in Peterborough, Massachusetts on December 4, 1984, at the age of 94 from myocardial infarction in Peterborough in southern New Hampshire.[18]

• Eig, Jonathan (2014). The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution. W.W. Norton.
• Lader, Lawrence (April 10, 1966). "Three Men who Made a Revolution" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2018.

• John C. Rock personal and professional papers, 1921-1985. H MS c161. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.