List of crewed lunar landers
This is a list of designs for crewed lunar landers, that is to say a spacecraft intended to land on the Moon, and for inclusiveness the designs meant to ascend are included also. A key aspect is achieving a soft landing, and for an ascent stage to successfully escape the Moon's surface gravity.[1] Another aspect is how many stages the design has to achieve its objective, and the number of passengers and amount of payload it can haul.[1]
| Name | Manufacturer | Operator (program and operational timeline) | Stages | Crew | Payload Mass | Status | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altair | Northrop Grumman | NASA (Constellation, 2005-2009) | Descent, Ascent | 4 | 14,500 kg (32,000 lb) | Canceled | .jpg.webp) |
| Apollo Lunar Module | Grumman | NASA (Apollo, 1969–1972) | Descent, Ascent | 2 | Retired |  | |
| Boeing Lunar Lander | Boeing | Boeing, NASA (Artemis, 2017–present) | Descent, Ascent | Rejected | |||
| Dynetics HLS | Dynetics | Dynetics, NASA (Artemis, 2017–present) | Single-stage with drop tanks | 2-4 | Rejected | ||
| Integrated Lander Vehicle | Blue Origin, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Draper Laboratory | Blue Origin, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Draper Laboratory, NASA | Transfer, Descent, Ascent | 2 | Rejected | ||
| LK | RSC Energia/Yuzhnoye Design Office | Soviet Union (N1-L3, 1969-1974) | Descent, Ascent | 1 | Canceled |  | |
| Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander | Lockheed Martin | Lockheed Martin, NASA (Artemis, 2017–present) | Single-stage | 4 | 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) | Proposed | |
| Starship | SpaceX | SpaceX | Single-stage | Planned |  | ||
| Starship HLS | SpaceX | NASA (Artemis, 2017–present), SpaceX | Single-stage | 4 | 100–200 t (220,000–440,000 lb) | Planned | |
| BIS Lunar Lander[2] | British Interplanetary Society | Single-stage | 3 | Studies (1939, 1947) | |||
| Von Braun Lunar Lander[3] | US (1977) | Single-stage with drop tanks | 20 | 259 metric tons (with a crew of 10) | Study (1952) | ||
| Horizon LERV[4] | US Army (Project Horizon, 1966) | Descent, Ascent | 10 - 16 | 2,700 - 22,000 kg | Study (1959) |  | |
| Lunex Lunar Lander[5] | US Air Force (Lunex Project, 1967) | Descent, Ascent | 3 | 20,500 kg | Study (1958-1961) |  | |
| Gemini lunar lander | NASA Langley Research Center, (Project Gemini, 1963) | Single | 1 | Canceled |  | ||
| LEK[6] | Soviet Union, (Zvezda moon base, 1974) | Descent, Ascent, Reentry | 3 | Canceled | |||
| FLO Eagle lander | NASA (Space Exploration Initiative, 1992-93) | Descent, Ascent | 4 | 5,000 kg | Canceled |  |
See also
- Human spaceflight – Space travel by humans
- Lunar module – Lunar lander designed for human spaceflight
References
- "NASA studying three-stage approach to human-class lunar landers". SpaceNews.com. 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
- "BIS Lunar Lander". www.astronautix.com.
- "Von Braun Lunar Lander". www.astronautix.com.
- "Horizon LERV". www.astronautix.com.
- "Lunex Lunar Lander". www.astronautix.com.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060316185549/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lek.htm
External links
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