List of sovereign states in the 1900s

Sovereign states
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

 Abuja - Abuja Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Abuja		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Acre – Independent State of Acre (to March 15th 1900, from November to December 24th 1900, and from January 27th to November 11th 1903.)
Capital: Cidade do Acre		 De facto independent state to March 15, 1900, from November 1900 to December 24, 1900, and from January 27, 1903, to November 11, 1903. Claimed by Bolivia.
 Agadez - Tenere Sultanate of Aïr (to 1900)
Capital: Agadez		 Widely recognized independent state to 1900.[1]
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Angoche - Angoche Sultanate
Capital: Angoche		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires		 Widely recognized independent state.
Aro – Aro Confederacy (to January 1902)
Capital: Arochukwu		 Widely recognized independent state.
Ashanti – Ashanti Empire (to January 1902)
Capital: Kumasi		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ → Australia – Commonwealth of Australia (from January 1, 1901)
Capital: Melbourne		 Widely recognized independent state from January 1, 1901.[2] Australia is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory:
  •  Papua – Territory of Papua (External territory, from March 18, 1902)
    Capital: Canberra
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)		 Widely recognized independent state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession:
  • Tientsin (Concession, from December 27, 1902)

B

Bali - Kingdom of Bali (to 1908)
Capital: Klungkung		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Beihan - Emirate of Beihan (to 1904)
Capital: Suq Abdulla		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized independent state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession:
 Bhutan
Capital: Punakha
  • Bhutan (to December 17th 1907)
  • Kingdom of Bhutan (from December 17th 1907)
 Widely recognized independent state.
 Biu - Biu Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Biu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Brakna - Brakna Emirate (to October 18th 1904)
Capital: Aleg		 Widely recognized independent state.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Widely recognized independent state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 1]
Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia 		De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized independent state from October 5, 1908.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa		 Widely recognized independent state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
Champasak - Kingdom of Champasak (to November 22, 1904)
Capital: Champasak		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Chile – Republic of Chile
Capital: Santiago		 Widely recognized independent state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Peking		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Chokwe - Chokwe Kingdom (to 1908) Widely recognized independent state.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Congo – Congo Free State (to November 15th 1908)
Capital: Boma		 Widely recognized independent state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
→  Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San José		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Crete – Cretan State (to October 6th 1908)
Capital: Chania		 De facto independent state, .
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from May 20th 1902 to September 28th 1906 and from February 6th 1909)
Capital: Havana		 Widely recognized independent state.

D

Darfur –Sultanate of Darfur
Capital: El Fasher		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Daure-Baure - Kingdom of Daure-Baure (to 1903) Widely recognized independent state.
 Daure-Zango - Kingdom of Daure-Zango (to 1903) Widely recognized independent state.
 Dendi - Dendi Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Lulami		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized independent state. Denmark has 2 colonies and 1 dependency:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala (to 1904)
Capital: Dhala		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo

E

→ Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito		 Widely recognized independent state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador		 Widely recognized independent state.
Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa		 Widely recognized independent state.

F

 France – French Republic
Capital: Paris

G

 Geledi - Sultanate of the Geledi (to September 3rd 1908)
Capital: Afgooye		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Germany – German Realm
Capital: Berlin		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany:
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Gumel - Gumel Emirate (to 1903)
Capital: Gumel		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Gumma - Kingdom of Gumma (to 1902)

H

Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
Capital: Ha'il		 Widely recognized independent state.
Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince		 Widely recognized independent state.
Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa

I

 Igala - Igala Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Idah		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Igara - Kingdom of Igara (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ - Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome

J

 Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City		 Widely recognized independent state.

K

 Kajara - Kajara Kingdom (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.
Kano - Kano Emirate (to February 3, 1903)
Capital: Takai		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Kasanje - Kasanje Kingdom Widely recognized independent state.
 Kebbi - Kebbi Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Argungu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Kel Ahaggar (to 1903) Widely recognized independent state.
 Korea – Greater Korean Empire (to November 17, 1905)
Capital: Hanseong		 Widely recognized independent state. Became a Japanese protectorate from November 17, 1905.
 Kuba - Kuba Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Nsheng		 Widely recognized independent state.

L

 Lafia Beri-Beri - Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Lafia		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City		 Widely recognized independent state.

M

 Mbunda - Mbunda Kingdom (to 1908) Widely recognized independent state.
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fez		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Mutayr - Emirate of Mutayr (to 1908) Widely recognized independent state.

N

Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Newfoundland – Dominion of Newfoundland (from September 26th 1907)
Capital: St. John's		 Widely recognized independent state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand (from September 26th 1907)
Capital: Wellington		 Widely recognized independent state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
→ Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Niue - Kingdom of Niue-Fekai (to October 20th 1900) Widely recognized independent state.
 Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania		 Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905.
 Nri - Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Nshenyi - Nshenyi Kingdom (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.

O

 Obwera - Obwera Kingdom (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.
 Onitsha - Onitsha Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Onitsha		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Orange Free State (to May 31st 1902)
Capital: Bloemfontein		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Ouaddai - Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché		 Widely recognized independent state.

P

→  Panama – Republic of Panama (from November 3, 1903)
Capital: Panama City		 Widely recognized independent state from November 3, 1903.[3]
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima		 Widely recognized independent state.
Philippines - Philippine Republic (de facto independent state, to March 23rd 1901)
Capital: Several temporary capitals		 De facto independent state, to March 23, 1901.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, vassals and possessions of Portugal:
 Potiskum - Potiskum Emirate (to 1901)
Capital: Potiskum		 Widely recognized independent state.

R

 Rabih's Empire (to 1900)
Capital: Dikwa
Riyadh - Emirate of Riyadh (from January 15,1902)
Capital: Riyadh		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.
 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom (to 1901) Widely recognized independent state.
 Russia - Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg		 Widely recognized independent state.

S

 San Marino - Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok		 Widely recognized independent state.
Sokoto – Caliphal State in the Bilād as-Sūdān (to July 29th 1903)
Capital: Sokoto		 Widely recognized independent state.
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid		 Widely recognized independent state.
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (to June 1902)
Capital: Bremersdorp		 Widely recognized independent state.
→  Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden (in personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905)[lower-alpha 2]
Capital: Sweden		 Widely recognized independent state.
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern		 Widely recognized independent state.

T

 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant (to 1905)
Capital: Tidjikja		 Widely recognized independent state.
Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga (to May 18th 1900)
Capital: Nuku'alofa		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Transvaal – South African Republic (to May 31st 1902)
Capital: Pretoria		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza (to December 15th 1902)
Capital: Rosso		 Widely recognized independent state.

U

 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London		 Widely recognized independent state.
→  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.		 Widely recognized independent state.
Upper Yafa - Sultanate of Upper Yafa (to 1903)
Capital: Mahjaba		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo		 Widely recognized independent state.

V

→ Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas		 Widely recognized independent state.

W

 Wukari – Wukari Federation (to 1900)
Capital: Wukari		 Widely recognized independent state.

States claiming sovereignty

Aceh – Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (to 1903)
Capital: Kutaraja		 Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire until 1903.
Chita - Chita Republic (from November 22, 1905 to January 22, 1906)
Capital: Chita		 Unrecognized state.
Cruzob - Chan Santa Cruz (to May 5, 1901)
Capital: Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz		 De facto independent state. Reannexed to Mexico from May 5, 1901.
Dervish State - Dervish State
Capital: Taleh
Khiva - Khanate of Khiva
Capital: Khiva		 Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.
Kruševo - Republic of Kruševo (from August 3 to August 13, 1903)
Capital: Kruševo		 De facto independent state.
 Shuntian Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun (from January 28 to January 31, 1903)
Capital: Guangzhou		 Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.[4]
Tagalog Republic (de facto independent state, from May 6th 1902 to July 14th 1906)
Capital: Morong		 Unrecognized state.

Non-sovereign territories

United Kingdom
  •  Cape Colony – Cape of Good Hope
  • Fiji – Colony of Fiji
  • New South Wales – Colony of New South Wales (to December 31st 1900)
  • New Zealand – Colony of New Zealand (to September 25th 1907)
  • Queensland – Colony of Queensland (to December 31st 1900)
  • Tasmania – Colony of Tasmania (to December 31st 1900)
  • Victoria – Colony of Victoria (to December 31st 1900)

Notes
  1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.
  2. Union Badge removed November 1st 1905.

References
  1. James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  2. "Australia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-20, retrieved 2021-10-26
  3. "Panama", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-19, retrieved 2021-10-26
  4. Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]". Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
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