Maturidi

Māturīdī theology or Māturīdism (Arabic: الماتريدية‎: al-Māturīdiyyah) is one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology.[1] It was developed and formalized by the Islamic scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, Sunni Muslim reformer and theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 10th century.[1][2][3][4]

Part of a series on
Sunni Islam
Beliefs
Five Pillars
Rightly-Guided Caliphs

Others
Sunni schools of law

Others
Sunni schools of theology

In terms of Ihsan
Contemporary movements
Holy sites
Lists
 Islam portal

Al-Māturīdī brought the beliefs already present among most Sunnis under one school of systematic theology (kalām), and emphasized rationality[5] and rationalism.[2][6][7] Māturīdī theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of Sunni Islam alongside the Ashʿarī theology,[1][4][8] and prevails in the Ḥanafī school of Islamic jurisprudence.[1][4][9]

Māturīdism was originally circumscribed to the region of Transoxania in Central Asia[1][3][4][8] but it became the predominant theological orientation among the Sunni Muslims of Persia before the conversion to Shi'ism in the 16th century, and the Ahl al-Ray (people of reason). It enjoyed a preeminent status in the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India.[1][4][8] Outside the old Ottoman and Mughal empires, most Turkic tribes, Hui people, Central Asian, and South Asian Muslims also follow the Māturīdī theology. There have also been Arab Māturīdī scholars.[10]

Beliefs

The Māturīdī theology holds that:

  • All attributes of God are eternal and not separated from God.[11]
  • Ethics have an objective existence and humans are capable of recognizing it through reason alone.[12]
  • Although humans are intellectually capable of realizing God, they need revelations and guidance of prophets and messengers, because human desire can divert the intellect and because certain knowledge of God has been specially given to these prophets (e.g. the Quran was revealed to Muhammad according to Islam, who Muslims believe was given this special knowledge from God and only through Muhammad did this knowledge become accessible to others).[13]
  • Humans are free in determining their actions within scope of God-given possibilities. Accordingly, God has created all possibilities, but humans are free to choose.[14]
  • The Six articles of faith.[15]
  • Religious authorities need reasonable arguments to prove their claims.[16]
  • Support of science and falsafa (philosophy).[17]
  • The Māturīdites state that imān (faith) does not increase nor decrease depending on one's deeds; it's rather taqwā (piety) which increases and decreases. The Ashʿarītes affirm that faith itself increases or decreases according to one's actions.[18]
Part of a series on Islam
Aqidah
Five Pillars of Islam
Sunni
Six articles of belief

Sunni theological traditions
Shi'a
Seven pillars of Isma'ilism4

Theology of Twelvers5

Other Shia concepts of Aqidah
Other schools of theology
Including:
1Al-Ahbash; Barelvis 2Deobandi
3Salafis (Ahl-i Hadith & Wahhabis)
4Sevener-Qarmatians, Assassins & Druzes
5Alawites, Qizilbash & Bektashism; 6Jahmīyya
7Ajardi, Azariqa, Bayhasiyya, Najdat & Sūfrī 8Nukkari; 9Bektashis & Qalandaris; Mevlevis, Süleymancıs & various Ṭarīqah
10Bahshamiyya, Bishriyya & Ikhshîdiyya
 Islam portal

Regarding aqida (doctrines), unlike many atharis (traditionalistic theology), Maturidi does not hold that angels are necessarily infallible. About Iblis (Satan) he states, disputing whether he was an angel or a jinn before his fall, is useless, as it is more important to know, that he has become a devil and enemy of humans.[19]

Māturīdism holds that humans are creatures endowed with reason which differentiates them from animals. Further, the relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with free-will, but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. Ethics can be understood just by reason and don't need prophetic guidance. Al-Māturīdī also consider the hadith to be unreliable when they are at odds with reason.[20] Further, Maturidi theology opposes anthropomorphism and similitude, but simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes.

Maturidi's doctrine, based on Hanafi law, asserted man's capacity and will alongside the supremacy of God in man's acts, providing a doctrinal framework for more flexibility and adaptability. Maturidism especially flourished in Central Asia.[21]

See also

References
  1. Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 280–296. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
  2. Alpyağıl, Recep (28 November 2016). "Māturīdī". Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0232. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  3. Rudolph, Ulrich (2015). "An Outline of al-Māturīdī's Teachings". Al-Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand. Islamic History and Civilization. 100. Translated by Adem, Rodrigo. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 231–312. doi:10.1163/9789004261846_010. ISBN 978-90-04-26184-6. ISSN 0929-2403. LCCN 2014034960.
  4. Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.
  5. Schlesinger, Sarah J. "The Internal Pluralization of the Muslim Community of Bosnia-Herzegovina: From Religious Activation to Radicalization." Master’s Research Paper. Boston University (2011).
  6. Zhussipbek, Galym; Nagayeva, Zhanar (September 2019). Taliaferro, Charles (ed.). "Epistemological Reform and Embracement of Human Rights. What Can be Inferred from Islamic Rationalistic Maturidite Theology?". Open Theology. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 5 (1): 347–365. doi:10.1515/opth-2019-0030. ISSN 2300-6579.
  7. Жусипбек, Галым, Жанар Нагаева, and Альберт Фролов. "Ислам и плюрализм: Что могут предложить идеи школы аль-Матуриди? Журнал Аль-Фараби, Алматы, No 4 (56), 2016 (p. 117-134)." "On the whole, the authors argue that the Maturidi school which is based on 'balanced theological rationalism', 'metaphysics of diversity', 'subjectivity of faith' and 'to be focused on justice and society-centeredness' "
  8. Gilliot, C.; Paket-Chy, A. (2000). "Maturidite theology". In Bosworth, C. E.; Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. IV. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 124–129. ISBN 92-3-103654-8.
  9. Cook, Michael (2003). Forbidding Wrong in Islam, an Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
  10. Thomas Pierret (25 March 2013), Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution, Cambridge University Press, p. 102, ISBN 9781139620062
  11. Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  12. Oliver Leaman The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy Bloomsbury Publishing 2015 ISBN 978-1-472-56945-5 page 311
  13. Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  14. Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  15. Oliver Leaman The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia Taylor & Francis 2006 ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1 page 41
  16. Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag 2017 ISBN 978-3-170-31526-6 page 83
  17. Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam Kohlhammer Verlag 2017 ISBN 978-3-170-31526-6 page 83
  18. Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1015
  19. T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMEL İSLAM BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İMAM MÂTURİDÎ’NİN TE’VÎLÂTU’L-KUR’ÂN’DA GAYBÎ KONULARA YAKLAŞIMI ELİF ERDOĞAN 2501171277 DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Yaşar DÜZENLİ İstanbul-202
  20. Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power Springer, 2018 ISBN 9783319973555 p. 108
  21. Marlène Laruelle Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities BRILL, 11.01.2018 ISBN 978-90-04-35724-2 p. 21

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.