Pohang-class corvette

The Pohang-class PCC (Patrol Combat Corvette) (Korean: 포항급 초계함, Hanja: 浦項級哨戒艦) is the low-end complement of the high-low mix domestic naval construction plan of the Republic of Korea Navy under the 1st Yulgok Project (1974-1986) for the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. It was originally planned as a Batch II production of Donghae-class corvette, but many changes on overall design, notably applying the hull design of Ulsan-class frigate, reclassified the ship to its own class. The ship is designed for patrolling maritime border, including the Northern Limit Line, protecting the littoral zone, and combating the North Korean vessels.[5]

Pohang-class corvette
Class overview
NamePohang class
Builders
Operators
Preceded by Donghae class
Succeeded by Incheon class
In commission17 December 1984 - present
Completed24
Active
Lost1
Retired7 (-2)
Preserved1
General characteristics
TypeCorvette
Displacement
  • 950 t (empty)
  • 1,220 t (full)
Length88.3 m (289 ft 8 in)[1]
Beam10 m (32 ft 10 in)[2]
Draft2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)[1]
Propulsion
Speed
  • Maximum: 32 knots (59 km/h)
  • Cruising: 15 knots (28 km/h)[2]
Range4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km)[2]
Crew95 (10 officers)
Sensors and
processing systems
  • Fire control system:
  • Signaal SEWACO ZK (Batch II - III)
  • Samsung/Ferranti WSA-423 (Batch IV - VI)
  • Surface search radar:
  • Raytheon AN/SPS-64 (Batch II - IV)[3]
  • Samsung/Marconi S1810 (Batch V - VI)[3]
  • STX SPS-300K (Batch IV - VI, after 2014)[4]
  • Fire control radar:
  • Signaal WM28 (Batch II - III)
  • Samsung/Marconi ST1802 (Batch IV - VI)
  • Optronic director:
  • Signaal LIOD (Batch II - III)
  • Samsung/Radamec 2400 (Batch IV - VI)
  • Sonar:
  • EDO 786 (Batch II)[3]
  • Raytheon AN/SQS-58 (Batch III - VI)[3]
Electronic warfare
& decoys
  • Mk 36 SRBOC
  • GoldStar ULQ-12K ESM
  • SLQ-261K TACM (Batch IV - VI, after 2012)[3]
  • Victek SLQ-201K ESM (Batch IV - VI, after 2019)
Armament

Since 1984, a total of 24 Pohang-class corvettes commissioned in the Republic of Korea Navy. The decommission of the class started in 2009, and is being replaced with series of FFX program. As of 2021, 10 remain in service in the ROKN, and 6 were recommissioned by other navies.

Development
See also: Donghae-class corvette § Development

During the designing phase of the Donghae-class, there was a dispute between the designers regarding the shape of the vessel. Captain Eom Do-jae, who was supervising the construction of the Ulsan-class frigate, emphasized the corvette should have narrow V-shape hull, similar to the frigate design. However, based on experiences from the ships operated by the ROKN, the Noryang-class PCEC (Patrol Craft Escort & Combatant) (ex-PCE-842-class) had the best size for the mission, and the Sinseong-class PCE (Patrol Craft Escort) (ex-Auk-class MSF), which had U-shape hull, showed great ship stability at the patrol speed (5-8 knots). Also, V-shape hull will require to install fin stabilizers, which the ROKN had negative perception from the troublesome fin stabilizer of Baekgu-class PGM (Patrol Gunboat Motor) (modified Asheville-class). Therefore, the ROKN proceeded with the U-shape design to acquire the best stability without fin stabilizers for the Donghae-class.[5]

After the persuasion of the naval command by Captain Eom, the change of design was approved for the Batch II construction of the Donghae-class.[6] The hull became similar shape to that of Ulsan-class, and many of the internal and external structures were redesigned. The installation of fin stabilizers on Pohang-class was decided by the ROKN only a month prior to the launching of the ROKS Pohang after receiving feedback from the ROKS Ulsan, which was constructed without fin stabilizers. To meet the requirement, internal parts were relocated for the installation of the equipment under tight schedule.[7]

The Pohang-class is about 10 m longer, 100 t heavier, and 1 knot faster with max speed of 32 knots compared to the Donghae-class thanks to better speed-length ratio. During sea trial, ROKS Pohang achieved speed of 35 knots. In addition, successful test of fin stabilizer prompted its installation on all Pohang and Ulsan-class.[7]

General characteristics

The Pohang-class is powered by one General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engine and two MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 956 TB82 diesel engines for combined diesel or gas (CODOG) propulsion system, which allows full displacement of 1,220 t ship to move at 32 kn maximum and 15 kn cruising speed. The main armament is focused on surface combat to counter numerous and small North Korean ships, which is controlled by Signaal SEWACO ZK fire control system combined with Raytheon AN/SPS-64 surface-search radar, Signaal WM28 fire-control radar, and Signaal LIOD optronic director. For anti-submarine mission, the ship has installed EDO 786 sonar and armed with 2 x triple Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes firing Mark 46 torpedo.

However, the ship lacks air-search radar along with anti-air weapon, which was the biggest topic among the militaries of the world as a result of the Falklands War, due to low on budget. The ship has limited defense capability against air and missile attack, only assisted by GoldStar ULQ-12K ESM (electronic support measures) and Mk 36 SRBOC (Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Countermeasures).

The Pohang-class received multiple changes and upgrades during the construction, and in service with the Republic of Korea Navy. The ESM and other sensitive systems, depending on the recipient, are dismounted from the ship, while some are installed when transferred to other nations.

Batch I
See also: Donghae-class corvette § General characteristics

Batch II

4 ships built. The Batch II removed twin Bofors 40mm/60 cannon, and mounted two Aérospatiale MM38 Exocet surface-to-surface missile launchers.

Batch III

4 ships built. The Batch III heavily enhanced its gun system by installing additional OTO Melara 76 mm/62 cannon, and replacing 2 x Emerson EMERLEC 30 twin Oerlikon 30 mm/75 KCB cannon with 2 x Breda DARDO CIWS twin Bofors 40 mm/70 cannon, which is capable of engaging aircraft and cruise missile. The sonar was upgraded to Raytheon AN/SQS-58 to increase anti-submarine warfare capability while MM38 Exocet was removed from the ship.

Batch IV

10 ships built. The Batch IV was the most critical upgrade and change of the Pohang-class. The ship changed the combat system to WSA-423 (Weapon Ship Automation-423) in collaboration of Samsung Aerospace Industries (later Hanwha Systems) and the British Ferranti, which became the backbone of the Republic of Korea Navy's current combat system dubbed as Naval Shield. Installation of this unproven system caused delays in delivering the ship.[8] Additional system changes include Marconi ST1802 fire control radar and Radamec 2400 optronic director, both localized by Samsung.

Batch V/VI

6 ships built. The Batch V/VI has a structure difference from previous Batch. Fire control radar was changed to Samsung/Marconi ST1802.

Operational history

In 1986, ROKS Pohang sunk an armed North Korean vessel as it ignored warnings after crossing the NLL of the Sea of Japan.[9][10]

In 1991, ROKS Gimcheon detected a submerged Soviet Union submarine at east of Pohang during patrol; the ship monitored and pursued the submarine.[11]

On 11:50 AM of 20 April 1996, two of the seven North Korean patrol crafts crossed the NLL during training exercise. The corvettes were sent to intercept, and confronted until North Korean vessels retreated back to the NLL on 1:20 PM.[12]

Main article: 1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident

On 1:30 AM of 18 September 1996, a local taxi driver found a grounded North Korean Sang-O-class submarine on the coast of Gangneung. ROKS Gyeongju along with other vessels were sent to block runways via sea by North Korean spy agents, and surveil enemy vessels in the area.[13]

On 2:05 PM of 29 May 1997, a North Korean patrol craft crossed the NLL. The corvette was sent with three patrol craft to intercept. North Korean vessel returned back to the NLL on 3:00 PM.[14]

Main article: 1998 Sokcho submarine incident

On 4:33 PM of 22 June 1998, a South Korean fishing boat reported a North Korean Yugo-class submarine was tangled by fishing net at 20.7 km east of Sokcho. The ROKN dispatched ships including ROKS Gunsan and ROKS Mokpo and aircraft to secure the scene. On 7:25 PM, ROKS Gunsan started towing the submarine to nearby naval base. All North Korean operators were found dead inside the submarine—committing group suicide before being captured.[15][16][10]

Main article: 1998 Yeosu submersible incident

On 11:15 PM of 17 December 1988, an army private found a North Korean semi-submarine near Yeosu using TOD. ROKS Namwon and ROKS Gwangmyeong were sent to search and catch the semi-submarine. The submarine opened machinegun fire at chasing ships, then was sunk by ROKS Gwangmyeong.[10]

Main article: First Battle of Yeonpyeong

On 9:10 AM of 7 June 1999, a North Korean patrol boat crossed the NLL in an excuse for protecting fishing boat. Since then, multiple North Korean fishing boats and patrol boats crossed the line back and forth. Two navies fought by ramming each other, which caused heavy damage on two of the North Korean ships, for days. On 15 June, a North Korean torpedo boat opened fire at Chamsuri-class with grenades, rifles, and 25 mm cannons. The battle lasted for 14 minutes with South Korean victory; North Korea lost a torpedo boat and received 1 heavy damage, 2 moderate damage, and 2 minor damage on patrol boats among 10 ships. South Korea received minor damage on 4 Chamsuri-class and ROKS Cheonan.[17][10] ROKS Jinhae, ROKS Cheonan, and ROKS Yeongju were involved in the incident. ROKS Yeongju scored critical hit and sunk the torpedo boat with OTO Melara 76 mm/62 cannon.

In 1999, the Batch IV began to equip RGM-84C Harpoon surface-to-surface missile.[18] The system was taken out from decommissioning Chungbuk-class destroyers (ex-Gearing-class), and installed on the corvettes.

In 2000, MBDA Mistral MANPADS was installed on the ships as anti-air weapon.[10]

Main article: Second Battle of Yeonpyeong

On 29 June 2002, Chamsuri-class PKM-357 received surprise attack from North Korean patrol boat. ROKS Jinhae and ROKS Jecheon were dispatched to the scene to assist; the ships were under threat by Styx and Silkworm missile radars during the operation, and Mk 36 SRBOCs were used as the defensive measurement.[19][20]

At the RIMPAC 2002, ROKS Wonju became the first Pohang-class to fire RGM-84C Harpoon. The missile hit the target successfully.[10]

In 2006, K745 Blue Shark lightweight anti-submarine torpedo achieved full operating capability. The new torpedo will be added to arsenal of the corvettes.[21]

On 29 September 2006, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) approved the batch 2 production of SSM-700K C-Star surface-to-surface missile for the year 2007 to 2010. The part of the production will be applied for the corvettes.[22]

Main article: Battle of Daecheong

On 10 November 2009, ROKS Suncheon participated in the Battle of Daecheong to provide support to the Chamsuri-class patrol boats.[23][24]

Main article: ROKS Cheonan sinking

At 21:21:57 (12:21:57 UTC) of 26 March 2010, an explosion (or two explosions) occurred for 1~2 seconds at the stern of ROKS Cheonan, causing a power stoppage and inflow of oil and seawater, and the ship heeled 90 degrees to starboard very quickly. When the crew went out to the deck, they found the stern already submerged. At 22:40, the Navy and the Coast Guard rescued 58 sailors, including the captain, from the crew of 104; 46 were killed.[25] The ship sank around 01:00 on 27 March 2010. The bow floated 6.4 kilometres (3.5 nmi) to the southeast from the explosion site, then submerged completely at 22:30 on 27 March 2010.

On 20 May 2010, a South Korean-led investigation group announced that all evidence pointed to a North Korean torpedo being responsible for the sinking of ROKS Cheonan.

As a response to the North Korean submarine attack, Pohang-class upgraded its anti-submarine warfare capability by installing SLQ-261K TACM (Torpedo Acoustic Counter Measure) and changing older rescue boat to RIB (Rigid-hulled Inflatable Boat) on Batch IV and later variants as early as 2012.[26][3]

On 23 March 2014, the development of STX Engine SPS-300K surface search radar, which can detect small objects such as submarine periscope, was announced after being tested on ROKS Iksan. Additional 15 corvettes (Batch IV - VI) will receive the new radar by 2015.[4]

In June 2019, ROKS Andong completed the test of SLQ-201K ESM (electronic support measures). The ESM detects electromagnetic waves emitted from the hostile missile and radar, allowing to track, analyze, identify, then warn the main system to automatically activate defensive measures such as Mk 36 SRBOC. All operating corvettes will receive the upgrade by 2020.[27][28]

On 17 February 2020, BRP Conrado Yap encountered the People's Liberation Army Navy Type 056A corvette Liupanshui on its patrol mission. Crews of the Conrado Yap visually observed Liupanshui's gun control director pointing at them.[29]

Ships in the class
See also: Donghae-class corvette § Ships in the class
Name Hull Number Builder Launched Delivered Commissioned Decommissioned Operator Status
Batch II
ROKS Pohang PCC-756 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 7 February 1984 31 October 1984 18 December 1984[30] 30 June 2009[9]  Republic of Korea Navy Decommissioned.[9] Used as a museum ship in Pohang city since 12 June 2010.[30]
ROKS Gunsan PCC-757 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 27 March 1984 30 November 1984 17 December 1984 29 September 2011[31]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship. Offered but refused by the Colombian Navy.[32] Scrapped in 2017 for training.[33]
ROKS Gyeongju PCC-758 Hyundai Heavy Industries 8 June 1984 30 April 1985 1 May 1985[34] 30 December 2014[34]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[35] Later transferred to the Peruvian Coast Guard as PM-211 BAP Ferré.[36]
BAP Ferré PM-211 20 October 2015[37] 15 July 2016[37] 2018  Peru Coast Guard Transferred to the Peruvian Navy after reclassification of the vessel from patrol ship to combat warship.
CM-27 2018 2018  Peruvian Navy Active
ROKS Mokpo PCC-759 Daewoo Shipbuilding 12 October 1984 10 May 1985 17 May 1985[34] 30 December 2014[34]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[35] Offered but refused by the Philippine Navy.[38] Scrapped in 2018
Batch III
ROKS Gimcheon PCC-761 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 29 November 1985 31 August 1986 1 September 1986[11] 31 December 2015[11]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[35] Later transferred to the Vietnam People's Navy as HQ-18.[39]
HQ-18 HQ-18 28 May 2017[40]  Vietnam People's Navy Active
ROKS Chungju PCC-762 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 24 January 1986[41] 30 September 1986[41] 30 November 1986[41] 27 December 2016[41]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[41] Later transferred to the Philippine Navy as BRP Conrado Yap (PS-39).[42]
BRP Conrado Yap PS-39 5 August 2019[42] 5 August 2019[43]  Philippine Navy Active
ROKS Jinju PCC-763 Hyundai Heavy Industries 12 February 1986[41] 29 October 1986[41] 1 November 1986[41] 27 December 2016[41]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[41] Later transferred to the Egyptian Navy as ENS Shabab Misr.[44][45]
ENS Shabab Misr 1000 19 September 2017  Egyptian Navy Active
ROKS Yeosu PCC-765 Daewoo Shipbuilding 14 June 1986[46] 30 November 1986[46] 1 December 1986[47] 27 December 2017[47]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[47] Later transferred to Vietnam People's Navy as HQ-20.
HQ-20 HQ-20 8 October 2018[40] 26 October 2018[40]  Vietnam People's Navy Active
Batch IV
ROKS Jinhae PCC-766 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 18 March 1987[46] 2 July 1988[46] 30 September 1988[47] 27 December 2017[47]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[47] To be used as museum ship in Jinhae.[48]
ROKS Suncheon PCC-767 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 3 April 1987 30 July 1988 30 September 1988[49] 24 December 2019[49]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[49] Later transferred to the Peruvian Navy as CC-28 BAP Guise.[50]
BAP Guise CC-28 26 November 2021[51]  Peruvian Navy Awaiting for recommission
ROKS Iksan PCC-768 Hyundai Heavy Industries 24 March 1987 13 September 1988 September 1988 31 December 2018  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship. Later transferred to the Colombian Navy as ARC Almirante Tono.[52]
ARC Almirante Tono CM-56 28 September 2020[53] 6 January 2021[54]  Colombian National Navy Active
ROKS Wonju PCC-769 Daewoo Shipbuilding 23 October 1987 29 September 1988  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Andong PCC-771 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 30 April 1987[55] 7 November 1988[55] 5 January 1989[56] 31 December 2020[56]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[55] To be transferred to the Philippine Navy at the end of 2021 or early 2022.[56]
 Philippine Navy
ROKS Cheonan PCC-772 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 24 July 1987[57] 30 December 1988[57] 31 December 1988[57] June 2010[58]  Republic of Korea Navy Sunk on 26 March 2010 by torpedo attack from the DPRK. Decommissioned. Used as a memorial ship.
ROKS Bucheon PCC-773 Hyundai Heavy Industries 30 December 1988 28 April 1989 4 May 1989[59] 31 March 2021[59]  Republic of Korea Navy Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[60]
ROKS Seongnam PCC-775 Daewoo Shipbuilding 11 December 1987 3 May 1989  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Jecheon PCC-776 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 8 December 1987 3 May 1989  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Daecheon PCC-777 Hyundai Heavy Industries 22 January 1988 28 April 1989 7 January 1990  Republic of Korea Navy Active
Batch V
ROKS Sokcho PCC-778 Hyundai Heavy Industries 7 July 1989 28 February 1990 2 March 1990  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Yeongju PCC-779 Hyundai Heavy Industries 27 July 1988 31 March 1990 20 April 1990  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Namwon PCC-781 Daewoo Shipbuilding 17 October 1989 30 April 1990 1 May 1990  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Gwangmyeong PCC-782 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 27 October 1989[61] 30 June 1990[61] 9 July 1990  Republic of Korea Navy Active
Batch VI
ROKS Sinseong PCC-783 Hanjin Heavy Industries 8 October 1991 28 March 1992  Republic of Korea Navy Active
ROKS Gongju PCC-785 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 21 September 1992 31 July 1993  Republic of Korea Navy Active

See also

References
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