Qulpa

Qulpa (Qūlpā) or Qulna (Qūlnah) was Khan of the Golden Horde from August/September 1359 to January 1360. He came to the throne by murdering his predecessor Berdi Beg. It is possible that Qulpa began his reign as a rival khan at Azov, perhaps as early as late in 1358. His short reign is not recorded in most of the Perso-Arabic narratives treating the khans of the Golden Horde, but it is briefly treated in the Russian chronicles, which report that Qulpa reigned for 6 months and 5 days, did a lot of evil, and in the end was killed, together with his sons Mihail and Ivan, by Nawruz Beg, who became the next khan.[1] The names of Qulpa's sons and the absence of a traditional Muslim name on his coins suggest that he was Christian, but that is not certain. Qulpa's control over the Golden Horde may have been challenged from the start, by Berdi Beg's son-in-law Mamai in the west, and by the reassertion of autonomy in the former subordinate Ulus of Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai, a descendant of Jochi's son Toqai Temür.

Qulpa
Murder of Qulpa
Khan of the Golden Horde
Western Half (Blue Horde)
Reign1359–January 1360
PredecessorBerdi Beg
SuccessorNawruz Beg
Bornunknown
DiedJanuary 1360
DynastyBorjigin
ReligionIslam

The antecedents of Qulpa are unclear. He may have been among those claiming descent from Jani Beg (like Nawruz Beg and Kildi Beg), and some modern authorities treat him as a son of Jani Beg and brother of his predecessor Berdi Beg and successor Nawruz Beg.[2] The most accurate collections of Jochid genealogies (like the Muˤizz al-ansāb) do not include Qulpa/Qulna among Jani Beg's offspring (or anywhere else). Jani Beg's son Berdi Beg is said to have slaughtered no less than 12 of his closest kinsmen, including an 8-month old brother, making it unlikely that Qulpa/Qulna could have been another son of Jani Beg. To some scholars,[3] the source evidence implies that Qulpa was identical to Kildi Beg, who pretended to be a son of Jani Beg (but was actually his nephew, according to the Muˤizz al-ansāb); the chronological implications of such an identification are problematic.

Genealogy

See also

References
  1. Howorth 1880: 181; Safargaliev 1960: 113.
  2. E.g., Grekov & Jakubovskij 1950: 271; May 2018: 302.
  3. E.g., Howorth 1880: 181
  • Grekov, B. D., and A. J. Jakubovskij, Zolotaja orda i eë padenie. Moscow, 1950.
  • Grigoriev, A. P., "Zolotoordynskie hany 60-70-h godov XIV v.: hronologija pravlenii," Istriografija i istočnikovedenie stran Azii i Afriki 7 (1983) 9-54.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Safargaliev, M. G., Raspad Zolotoj Ordy. Saransk, 1960.
  • Thackston, W. M. (trans.), Khwandamir, Habibu's-siyar. Tome Three. Cambridge, MA, 1994.


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