Ruthenian Triad

The Ruthenian Trinity (Ruthenian: Руська троица; Ukrainian: Руська трійця, romanized: Ruska triitsia) was a Galician literary group led by Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatskyi, and Ivan Vahylevych, which began a national and cultural revival in the western Ukrainian lands in the late 1820s (1833-1837).[1][2][3]

Characteristic

Generated in the era of Romanticism, it had a distinct Slavophilic and awake-democratic character. Its participants used exclusively Slavic names (Shashkevych — Ruslan, Vahylevych — Dalibor, Holovatsky — Yaroslav, his brother Ivan — Bogdan, Ilkevich — Myroslav, etc.). His motto was the words that Shashkevych wrote in the joint album: "Worlds, stars, all over the field until the moon rises."

Members of the "Ruthenian Triad" "went to the people", recorded folk songs, stories, sayings and sayings. Circle members saw their goal in collecting folklore, spreading education, available popular science works, writing and publishing works close to the people. All this was done for the lofty idea of national revival in Galicia. An interesting journey through Galicia and Bukovina was made by Yakiv Holovatsky. I. Vahylevych traveled through Transcarpathia, campaigning among the peasants, urging them to fight for their rights. For this he was arrested and banned from appearing in Transcarpathia.

Around the "Ruthenian Triad" united young people who sought to work for the good of their people. Some of its members (M. Ilkevich, M. Kulchytsky, etc.) were associated with the Polish revolutionary underground. Collecting oral folklore, studying the history of the native people, translating works of Slavic awakeners and writing their own literary and scientific works, the group members claimed that the Ruthenians of Galicia, Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia are part of the Ukrainian people, which has its own history, language and culture.

The activity of the "Ruthenian Triad", caused both by the social and national enslavement of Ukrainians in the Austrian Empire and by the awakening of other Slavic peoples, crossed the boundaries of narrow culture. Ivan Kotliarevskyi's poem Eneida, folklore collections by Mykhailo Maksymovych and Izmail Sreznevskyi, grammarian Oleksii Pavlovskyi, as well as works by Kharkiv romantics had a special respect for the members of the literary group.

Fascinated by the folk art and heroic past of Ukrainians and under the influence of the works of advanced Slavic figures, the "Trinity" compiled the first manuscript collection of poetry "Son of Rus" (1833).

In 1834, the Ruthenian Triad attempted to publish a folklore and literary collection, Zorya, in which folk songs, works by members of the group, and materials condemning foreign oppression and glorifying the heroic struggle of Ukrainians for their liberation were to be published. However, censorship banned its publication, and the compilers of the collection were closely monitored by the police.

A significant merit of the "Ruthenian Triad" was the publication of the almanac "Mermaid of the Dniester" (Budyn (now Budapest, 1837), which, instead of Iazychie, introduced a living vernacular in Galicia, starting a new Ukrainian literature there). The idea of Slavic reciprocity permeated by the Dniester Mermaid is related to Kollar's poem Slavy dcera (1824), which greatly inspired the activities of the Ruthenian Triad. Czech Slavist Jan Kovbek also had.

The "Dniester Mermaid" was banned by the Austrian government. Only 200 out of 1,000 copies were sold, given to friends and kept for themselves, the rest were confiscated.

The Ruthenian Triad group ceased its activities in 1843 after the death of M. Shashkevych.

Honoring the memory
  • On January 1, 2012, the world's first monument to the Ruthenian Trinity was unveiled in Ivano-Frankivsk (sculptor Volodymyr Dovbeniuk).[4]
  • On July 30, 2015, in the same Ivano-Frankivsk square, where this monument stands, it was renamed the Ruthenian Trinity Square.
  • In the same city of Ivano-Frankivsk there are also Markiian Shashkevych Street and Ivan Vahylevych Street.

Sources and literature
  • Енциклопедія українознавства : Словникова частина : [в 11 т.] / Наукове товариство імені Шевченка ; гол. ред. проф., д-р Володимир Кубійович. — Париж—Нью-Йорк : Молоде життя, 1955–1995.
  • Франко І. Нарис історії українсько-руської літератури до 1890 р. / І. Франко. — Львів : Накладом Укр.-рус. вид. спілки, 1910. — V, 444 c.
  • Маркіян Шашкевич на Заході / упоряд., ред. і вступ Я. Розумний. — Вінніпег: Інститут-Заповідник Маркіяна Шашкевича, 2007. — 383 с.
  • Шах С. О. Маркіян Шашкевич і галицьке відродження. — Париж-Мюнхен, 1961.
  • М. Шашкевич, І. Вагилевич, Я. Головацький: бібліографічний покажчик / укл.: М. П. Гуменюк, Є. Є. Кравченко. — Львів : Львівська бібліотека Академії наук Української РСР, 1962. — 132 с.
  • Марунчак<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbA">&nbsp;</span>М. Маркіян Шашкевич на тлі доби. — Вінніпеґ : Загальна Бібліотека «УКТ», 1962. — 96 с.
  • Луців Л. Маркіян Шашкевич. — Нью-Йорк : в-во «Свобода», 1963. — 118 с.
  • Історія української літератури: у восьми томах / голова редколегії — Є. Кирилюк. — т. II. — К. : Наукова думка, 1967.
  • Стеблій Ф. І. Руська трійця // Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. ; Інститут історії України НАН України. — К. : Наукова думка, 2012. — Т. 9 : Прил — С. — С. 395. — 944 с. : іл. — ISBN 978-966-00-1290-5.
  • Kozik J. Ukraiński ruch narodowy w Galicji w latach 1830–1848. — Kraków, 1973. (пол.)

References
  1. «Руська трійця» у розвитку суспільно-політичного руху Галичини
  2. Руська трійця Украинская советская энциклопедия
  3. Украинская литература. // Энциклопедия Кругосвет
  4. В Івано-Франківську встановили пам'ятник «Руській трійці»
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