Treaty of San Germano

The Treaty of San Germano (or Treaty of Ceprano) was signed on 23 July 1230 at San Germano, present-day Cassino, between Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, ending the War of the Keys that had begun in 1228.[1]

Negotiations for the treaty were proposed by the Teutonic grand master Hermann von Salza and opened at Aquino in November 1229. The papal negotiators were Tommaso da Capua and Jean Halgrin.

After the treaty was signed, Guala became the bishop of Brescia. Based on the terms of the agreement, Frederick's forces ceased to occupy portions of the Pontifical States. Moreover, all papal possessions in Sicily were restored to the Pope.

On 28 August, Cardinals Tommaso da Capua and Giovanni Colonna formally absolved Frederick and lifted his excommunication in a public ceremony in Ceprano.[1]

Notes
  1. Whalen 2019, pp. 40–44.

Bibliography
  • Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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