2023 Turkish general election

The President of Turkey, who serves as the country's head of state and government, is directly elected through the two-round system, under which a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes in order to be elected. If no candidate secures an overall majority outright, a runoff is held between the two most voted-for candidates from the first round, the winner of which is then declared elected. This electoral system was first introduced for the 2014 presidential elections, when it replaced a system of indirect elections under which the president was elected by parliament. The president is subject to term limits, and may serve two times at five-year terms. Some jurists and opposition politicians said that since Erdoğan was already elected two times, if the Turkish parliament doesn't decide to call a snap election, he cannot be a candidate again.[3] The rule for the president to serve a maximum limit of two terms was introduced in the 2007 constitutional referendum, but this rule wasn't changed in the 2017 constitutional referendum.[4] With the 2017 constitutional referendum, the right to decide snap election were given to the president and 3/5 of the total number of MPs on Turkish parliament (at least 360 MPs). According to constitution if the parliament decides for snap elections in the second term of the president, the president will be a candidate again. However, it has been speculated that incumbent president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan could be eligible to seek a third term in 2023, since the current executive presidential system was only fully implemented after the conclusion of his first term in office, meaning that his period in power from 2014 to 2018 would not count towards his two-term limit according to some jurists.[5]

In order to participate in a presidential election, a candidate must have received the nomination of a political party that either obtained 5% of the vote in the most recent parliamentary election, or that holds at least 20 seats in parliament. Other prospective candidates may still obtain ballot access if they are able to collect signatures from 100,000 eligible voters.[6]

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey is composed of 600 members, who serve five-year terms adjacent to those of the president. These representatives are elected through a form of party-list proportional representation from 87 electoral districts, by the D'Hondt method. The electoral districts largely correspond to the provinces of Turkey, though provinces with larger populations are divided into multiple districts. Specifically, Istanbul and Ankara are each divided into three districts, while Izmir and Bursa are divided in two. Political parties must be officially organised in at least half of the country's provinces (41 or more) and in at least a third of districts in those provinces, and must nominate two candidates in 41 or more provinces, in order to be entitled to seats. Since the introduction of the Constitution of 1982, political parties are also required to pass an electoral threshold of 10% in order to qualify for seats in parliament. Parties that fail to cross the threshold are disregarded for seat allocation purposes.