Bikol languages

A poem written in a Bikol dialect.

The languages of Bikol grouped according to Ethnologue are:

• Coastal Bikol (Northern)
  • Isarog Agta language
  • Mount Iraya Agta language
  • Central Bikol language
    • Canaman dialect (standard)
    • Naga City dialect
    • Partido dialect
    • Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect
    • Daet dialect
    • Virac dialect
  • Southern Catanduanes Bikol language
• Inland Bikol (Southern)
  • Mount Iriga Agta language (extinct)
  • Albay Bikol languages
    • Buhinon language
    • Libon language
    • West Miraya language
    • East Miraya language
  • Rinconada Bikol language
    • Highland / Sinabukid dialect
      • Agta variant
      • Iriga variant (standard)
    • Lakeside / Sinaranəw dialect
      • Baao variant
      • Bato variant
      • Bula-Pili variant
      • Nabua-Balatan variant
• Northern Catanduanes Bikol (Pandan Bikol)

Curtis McFarland gives the following classification for the Bikol languages.[1]

Clockwise from top-left: A signage barring people from hanging around the area; A signage barring vendors inside the churchyard; A signage reminding people of proper waste disposal; and a signage barring swimmers in Lake Bato. All were written in Coastal Bikol language (Naga–Legazpi variant).

While McFarland (1974) splits Bikol into 11 dialects, Lobel (2000) splits Bikol into 12 different dialects (including Partido Bikol, which McFarland does not differentiate) and 4 main branches.[2]

• Northern Coastal Bikol

1. Central Standard – Spoken primarily in Tabaco City, Legazpi City, and Naga City. Also recognized (and sometimes understood) in Daet, Camarines Norte and many other areas of Camarines Sur; San Pascual, Masbate on Burias Island; First District of Albay and other municipalities along the eastern coast of Albay, southwestern coast of Catanduanes, and northeastern Sorsogon.
   1. Daet area variant
   2. Naga City area variant
   3. Catanduanes southern and northern town of San Andres and Caramoran and North Sorsogon
2. Partido – Spoken in the Camarines Sur municipalities of Ocampo, Goa, Tigaon, Lagonoy, Sagñay, and San Jose. This dialect has a mellow intonation and is heavily influenced by Rinconada Bikol/Riŋkonāda.
3. South Catanduanes – Spoken in the southern half of Catanduanes.
   1. Virac area variant
   2. Bato area variant
   3. Baras area variant
   4. San Miguel variant (transitional to North Catanduanes)

• Southern Coastal and Inland Bikol

1. Rinconada Bikol – Spoken primarily in Iriga City, Baao; Bula; Balatan; Baao; and Nabua, Camarines Sur. Also in Ocampo, Buhi and Pili in Camarines Sur and in parts of Polangui, Albay.
   1. Lakeside Rinconada dialect (lacks /ə/ vowel)
   2. Highland Rinconada dialect (with /ə/ vowel)
2. Buhinon – Spoken in Buhi, Camarines Sur. Contains features from both Bikol of Polangui and Iriga variant of Rinconada Bikol.
3. Libon – Spoken in Libon, Albay.
4. West Miraya – Spoken in Ligao City, Polangui, Oas, and Pio Duran, Albay.
5. East Miraya – Spoken in Guinobatan; Camalig; Daraga; Jovellar, Albay; Donsol and Pilar, Sorsogon.
   1. Central (Guinobatan)
   2. Far East (Camalig, Daraga)
   3. Southeast (Jovellar, Albay, Donsol, Pilar)

• Northern Catanduanes

1. Pandan Bikol – Spoken by about 80,000 people or the northern half of Catanduanes.
   1. Bagamanoc area variant
   2. Caramoran area variant (transitional to South Catanduanes)
   3. Gigmoto area variant (transitional to South Catanduanes)
   4. Pandan area variant
   5. Panganiban area variant
   6. Viga area variant

• Bisakol

1. Central Sorsogon – Spoken in Sorsogon City; Castilla; Casiguran; and Juban, Sorsogon.
   1. Castilla Sorsogon (mixed with Legazpi Bikol)
   2. Casiguran-Juban variant
2. Southern Sorsogon also known as Gubat language – Spoken in Gubat; Barcelona; Bulusan; Santa Magdalena; Matnog; Irosin; and Bulan, Sorsogon.
3. Masbateño – Spoken in Masbate City; Mobo; Uson; Dimasalang; Palanas; Masbate; Aroroy on the island of Masbate, all of Ticao Island, and Claveria on the southern half of Burias Island.
   1. Standard Masbateño
   2. Ticao Island variant

Some dialects of Southern Bikol have the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e. However, Proto-Austronesian *e is realized as /o/ in Libon. Two Bikol dialects have unique additional consonants, namely Southern Catanduanes, which has an interdental lateral consonant /l̟/ (also transcribed as l̪͆ ),[3][4] and Buhi-non, which has the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/.[5]