Ferdinand, Duke of Parma

Born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno as the second child and only son of Philip, Duke of Parma, and Princess Louise Élisabeth of France, he was considered to be the favorite grandson of his maternal grandfather King Louis XV of France. As a grandson in the male line of King Philip V of Spain, he was created an infante of Spain after upon his father's death. As a grandson of King Louis, Ferdinand was also a direct descendant of England's William the Conqueror. As the heir to one of the largest collection of sovereign duchies, Ferdinand was an attractive candidate for many royal ladies of Europe. Probable candidates included the heiress Princess Maria Beatrice Ricciarda of Modena, daughter of Ercole III of Modena and (like Ferdinand) an in law of Marie Antoinette. His possible marriage to Princess Maria Beatrice was, however, very unlikely since the latter had been engaged to Archduke Leopold of Austria (later Emperor Leopold II) at a very young age and later on to Leopold's younger brother, Archduke Ferdinand, upon the death of an older brother, Archduke Charles. It is likely that a union between Parma and Modena was only promoted in vain by Parma's Minister, Du Tillot, since the engagement of Modena's heiress to an Austrian Archduke was already agreed very early on. Another candidate was Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans who offered a very large dowry; she was the only surviving daughter of Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, and the sister of Philippe Égalité.

The decision of who his future spouse would be, was sealed by his mother's close correspondence with the powerful Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, who had promised Ferdinand's parents the throne of the Netherlands, which had been returned to Austrian rule under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This never occurred and, as a result, an alliance with the Austrian Empire was used to cement the two nations. This alliance was also encouraged by the Parmese Prime Minister Guillaume du Tillot, who had worked at Versailles and had been exiled by Louis XV of France due to his liberal ideas, which were not looked upon with much enthusiasm by those at Versailles.

Guillaume du Tillot was again used during Ferdinand's reign when he lost his father in 1765 aged 14. Negotiations and ideas were passed from Vienna to Parma and in 1769, Ferdinand was to marry Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria; the eighth child of the Empress and older sister of the Queen of Naples and Sicily and the future Queen of France. Maria Amalia had a marriage by proxy in Vienna on 27 June and left her home on 1 July. The future duchess would meet her husband at Mantua on 16 July. His wife was with her brother Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand with members of the Sforza family. On 19 July there was a formal ceremony for all at the Ducal Palace of Colorno where Ferdinand had been born. During many festivities, the couple made their official entrance to Parma on 24 July. They had nine children in just under twenty years.

Expelling the Jesuits, abolishing the jurisdiction of the Inquisition within his domains, and suppressing many redundant monasteries, Ferdinand has sometimes been classed among the more minor exponents of Enlightened absolutism.

Ferdinand ceded the Duchy of Parma to France in the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801). The Treaty of Aranjuez was signed on 21 March 1801 between France and Spain. The overall accord confirmed the terms presented in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. Moreover, Ferdinand agreed to surrender the Duchy of Parma (with Piacenza and Guastalla) to France. Ferdinand's son Louis received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which became the Kingdom of Etruria. Ferdinand III, the Habsburg Grand Duke of Tuscany, was compensated with the secularized territories of the Archbishop of Salzburg.

He died in Parma at age 51, suspected to be poisoned although French authorities cited another reason for his death, and was buried in the church of Fontevivo Abbey. On his deathbed, however, he named a regency council with his wife Maria Amalia as its head, clearly still opposing the terms of the Treaty of Aranjuez regarding his duchy. The regency lasted only for days and the Duchy of Parma was annexed to France.

Ferdinand and Maria Amalia had sixteen children, but only seven survived childhood:[1]

Children of Ferdinand of Parma by Maria Amalia of Austria
Name	Picture	Birth	Death	Notes
Carolina Maria Teresa Giuseppa Giovanna		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 22 November 1770	Dresden Castle, 1 March 1804	She married in 1792 Maximilian, later (1827) Hereditary Prince of Saxony, they had eight children.
Ludovico Filiberto Francesco		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 5 July 1773	Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 27 May 1803	Prince of Piacenza and the first King of Etruria. He married in 1795 Princess Marie Louise of Spain, they had two children.
Maria Antonia Giuseppa Walburga Anna Luisa Teresa Vicenza Margherita Caterina		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 28 November 1774	Convent of Sant'Agata in Trastevere, Rome, 20 February 1841	Joined the religious order in 1802 and became an Ursuline abbess.
Maria Carlotta Ferdinanda Teresa Anna Giuseppa Giovanna Luisa Vincenza Rosalia		Palazzo del Giardino, 1 September 1777	Convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto, Rome, 6 April 1813	Joined the Dominican order in 1797 and became a prioress.
Maria Anna Teresa Beatrice Antonia Giuseppa		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 20 January 1779	Convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto, Rome, 10 November 1849	Joined the Carmelite order in 1806 and became a carmelite.[2]
Maria Giovanna Teresa Luisa Ernestina Sofia		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 20 January 1779	Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, 19 February 1853	Unmarried.
Filippo Maria Giuseppe Leopoldo Francesco		Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 22 March 1783	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 2 July 1786	Principe of Guastalla, died in infancy of smallpox.
Maria Antonietta Luisa Teresa		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 21 October 1784	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 22 October 1785	Died in infancy of smallpox.
Maria Giuseppina Teresa Elisabetta		Ducal Palace of Guastalla, 17 October 1785	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 20 December 1789	Died in infancy of smallpox.
Maria Cristina Teresa Amalia Paola		Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 20 March 1786	Convent of Sant'Agata in Trastevere, Rome, 10 November 1857	Joined the religious order in 1810 and became an ursuline like her older sisters Maria Carlotta and Maria Antonia.
Maria Elisabetta Teresa Anna Vittoria		Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 17 April 1787	Palazzo del Giardino, 22 May 1793	Died in infancy after a fall from the stairs.
Maria Luisa Teresa Isabella Antonietta		Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 17 April 1787	Palazzo del Giardino, 22 November 1789	Died in infancy of pleurisy.
Maria Enrichetta Teresa Adelaide Luisa		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 10 February 1788	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 24 January 1799	Died in infancy of smallpox.
Giuseppe Ludovico Ferdinando Carlo		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 13 December 1788	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 13 December 1788	Died immediately after birth.
Maria Ludovica Teresa Carlotta		Ducal Palace of Colorno, 13 December 1788	Ducal Palace of Colorno, 13 December 1788	Died immediately after birth.
Maria Beatrice Teresa Amalia		Ducal Palace of Guastalla, 20 July 1789	Ducal Palace of Guastalla, 20 July 1789	Died inmediately after birth.

In addition, Maria Amalia miscarried twice: a son on 29 December 1771 and a daughter in 1778.

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  His father
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  Princess Louise Élisabeth of France (his mother) by Louis-Michel van Loo
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  (L-R) Ferdinand; Maria Luisa; Princess Mother; Father and Isabella is to the right
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  Ferdinand as a young man
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  His wife
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  Duke Ferdinand of Parma with Maria Amalia
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  Prince Louis Francis Philibert of Parma