Ginglymodi

Ginglymodi; Temporal range:
	Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)
	Macrosemimimus fegerti (Semionotiformes) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Infraclass:	Holostei
Clade:	Ginglymodi; Cope, 1871
Subgroups
	†Sangiorgioichthys; †Ticinolepis; †Dapediidae?; †Kyphosichthyiformes[1]; Neoginglymodi; López-Arbarello & Sferco, 2018[2] †Semionotiformes; Lepisosteiformes †Neoseminotus; †Lanxangichthys; †Lepidotidae; Lepisosteoidi †Thaiichthys; †Araripelepidotes; †Pliodetes; Lepisosteoidea †Obaichthyidae; Lepisosteidae; ; ; ; ;

Ginglymodi is a clade of ray-finned fish containing modern-day gars (Lepisosteidae) and their extinct relatives, including the family Lepidotidae as well as the orders Semionotiformes and Kyphosichthyiformes, and various other extinct taxa. Ginglymodi is one of the two major subgroups of the infraclass Holostei, the other one being Halecomorphi, which contains the bowfin and its fossil relatives.[2][3]

Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula)

Neopterygii

Holostei

	Ginglymodi (gars and their fossil relatives)

	Halecomorphi (bowfin and its fossil relatives)

Teleostei

Fossil record

The fossil record of ginglymodians goes back at least to the Anisian stage of the Triassic period, over 240 million years ago.[4] Eosemionotus is one of the earliest ginglymodians. Acentrophorus, another taxon from the Wuchiapingian stage of the late Permian, and Paracentrophorus from the Early Triassic epoch, could be even earlier members of the group. Ginglymodi was diverse and widespread during the Mesozoic era, but they represent a depauperate lineage today. Only six species exist today, distributed in freshwater systems of North America.

The Middle Triassic Ticinolepis
The Jurassic macrosemiid semionotiform Propterus sp.
The Jurassic macrosemiid semionotiform Macrosemius rostratus
The Jurassic-Cretaceous lepisosteiform Scheenstia maxima
The lepisosteiform Atractosteus strausi from the Eocene Messel Formation of Germany
The lepisosteiform Atractosteus simplex from the Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming

References

Xu, G.; Ma, X.; Wu, F.; Ren, Y. (2019). "A Middle Triassic kyphosichthyiform from Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic reassessment of early ginglymodians" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 57 (3): 181–204. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190319.
López-Arbarello, A.; Sferco, E. (2018). "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172337. doi:10.1098/rsos.172337.
Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Romano, Carlo (2021). "A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 672. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.618853. ISSN 2296-6463.

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[Xu2019-1] Xu, G.; Ma, X.; Wu, F.; Ren, Y. (2019). "A Middle Triassic kyphosichthyiform from Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic reassessment of early ginglymodians" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 57 (3): 181–204. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190319.

[López2018-2] López-Arbarello, A.; Sferco, E. (2018). "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172337. doi:10.1098/rsos.172337.

[3] Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.

[4] Romano, Carlo (2021). "A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 672. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.618853. ISSN 2296-6463.