Hongwu
Hongwu (Chinese: 洪武; pinyin: Hóngwǔ; Wade–Giles: Hung-wu; lit. 'Vastly Martial') was a Chinese era name (simplified Chinese: 年号; traditional Chinese: 年號; pinyin: niánhào; lit. 'year name') after Zhizheng and before Jianwen,[1] or Yongle.[2][3][lower-alpha 1] This period spanned the years from 23 January 1368 to 5 February 1399, and restored from 30 July 1402 to 22 January 1403.[lower-alpha 1] The reigning emperors were Hongwu-di (洪武帝), Jianwen-di (建文帝), and Yongle-di (永樂帝).
Conversion table
| Hongwu | 1st year | 2nd year | 3rd year | 4th year | 5th year | 6th year | 7th year | 8th year | 9th year | 10th year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | 1368 | 1369 | 1370 | 1371 | 1372 | 1373 | 1374 | 1375 | 1376 | 1377 |
| Ganzhi | Wushen | Jiyou | Gengxu | Xinhai | Renzi | Guichou | Jiayin | Yimao | Bingchen | Dingsi |
| Hongwu | 11th year | 12th year | 13th year | 14th year | 15th year | 16th year | 17th year | 18th year | 19th year | 20th year |
| AD | 1378 | 1379 | 1380 | 1381 | 1382 | 1383 | 1384 | 1385 | 1386 | 1387 |
| Ganzhi | Wuwu | Jiwei | Gengshen | Xinyou | Renxu | Guihai | Jiazi | Yichou | Bingyin | Dingmao |
| Hongwu | 21st year | 22nd year | 23rd year | 24th year | 25th year | 26th year | 27th year | 28th year | 29th year | 30th year |
| AD | 1388 | 1389 | 1390 | 1391 | 1392 | 1393 | 1394 | 1395 | 1396 | 1397 |
| Ganzhi | Wuchen | Jisi | Gengwu | Xinwei | Renshen | Guiyou | Jiaxu | Yihai | Bingzi | Dingchou |
| Hongwu | 31st year | 32nd year | 33rd year | 34th year | 35th year | |||||
| AD | 1398 | 1399 | 1400 | 1401 | 1402 | |||||
| Ganzhi | Wuyin | Jimao | Gengchen | Xinsi | Renwu |
See also
Notes
- Upon his successful usurpation in 1402, the Yongle Emperor voided the Jianwen era of the Jianwen Emperor and continued the Hongwu era posthumously until the beginning of Chinese New Year Guǐ-Wèi (Yin Water Goat) in 1403, when his own new era Yongle came into effect. This dating continued for a few of his successors until the Jianwen era was reëstablished in the late 16th century.
References
- "History of Ming", vol. 4.
- Li, Chongzhi (李崇智) (December 2004), 中国历代年号考 (Zhongguo li dai nian hao kao), 北京: 中華書局 (Beijing: Zhonghua Book), p. 205, ISBN 978-7-101-02512-5
- "Ming Taizong Shilu", vol. 9B.
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