Leadership election

A leadership election is a political contest held in various countries by which the members of a political party determine who will be the leader of their party.

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Generally, any political party can determine its own rules governing how and when a leadership election is to be held for that party. In the United Kingdom, for example:

Leadership elections are generally caused by the death or resignation of the incumbent (that is, the person already holding the post), although there are also formal and informal methods to remove a party's leader and thus trigger an election contest to find a replacement. There is, however, no common procedure whereby the main parties choose their leader.[1]

A leadership election may be required at intervals set by party rules, or it may be held in response to a certain proportion of those eligible to vote expressing a lack of confidence in the current leadership. In the UK Conservative Party, for example, "a leadership election can be triggered by a vote of no confidence by Conservative MPs in their current leader".[2]

North America

United States

Canada

Costa Rica

The country's three main political parties, the National Liberation Party, the Social Christian Unity Party, and the Citizens' Action Party, have all run primary elections on several occasions.

South America

Argentina

Chile

Colombia

In the 2006 presidential elections, the Liberal Party, and the socialist Alternative Democratic Pole held primary elections, electing Horacio Serpa as the Liberal candidate, and Carlos Gaviria as candidate of the Alternative Democratic Pole.

In the 2010 presidential elections, four parties held primary elections: The Liberal Party elected former minister Rafael Pardo as candidate, the Democratic Pole elected senator Gustavo Petro, the Conservative Party chose ambassador Noemi Sanin, and the Green Party chose former mayor of Bogota Antanas Mockus.

Uruguay

Europe

Armenia

On 24 and 25 November 2007, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation political party conducted a non-binding Armenia-wide primary election. The party asked the people of their recommendation of who they should nominate as their candidate for the upcoming presidential election. What characterized it as a primary instead of a standard opinion poll was that the public knew of the primary in advance, all eligible voters were invited, and the voting was by secret ballot. "Some 68,183 people . . . voted in make-shift tents and mobile ballot boxes . . ."[3]

Social Democratic Party of Croatia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Fine Gael

Labour Party

Fianna Fáil

Italy

Democratic Party

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Russia

United Russia has held primaries for its candidates to the State Duma, Russia's lower-house of parliament.

Spain

United Kingdom

Conservative Party

Labour Party

Liberal Party/Social Democrats/Liberal Democrats

Africa

African National Congress

Democratic Alliance

Asia

Democratic Progressive Party

Kuomintang

Israeli Labor Party

Kadima

Likud

South Korea

United New Democratic Party

Oceania

Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party and the National Party have conducted limited experiments with primary-style pre-selections.[4][5]

Liberal Party

In 2018, the New South Wales branch of the Liberal Party rejected a motion by former Prime Minister Tony Abbott to have primary-style preselections.[6]

New Zealand Labour Party

See also

References
  1. Peter Joyce, Politics: A Complete Introduction: Teach Yourself (2015), p. 111.
  2. Peter Joyce, Politics: A Complete Introduction: Teach Yourself (2015), p. 112.
  3. Horizon Armenian Weekly, English Supplement, 2007 December 3, page E1, "ARF conducts 'Primaries' ", a Yerkir agency report from the Armenian capital, Yerevan.
  4. Holmes, Brenton (2011-07-18). "Pre-selecting candidates using US-style 'primaries'". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  5. van Onselen, Peter (2009-01-17). "Nationals face up to primary challenge". The Australian. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  6. "NSW Liberals reject Tony Abbott-backed plan for preselections". TheGuardian.com. 10 February 2018.
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