List of heads of government of Romania

This is a list consisting of all the heads of government (i.e. Prime Ministers, be them both in full constitutional powers and acting or ad interim) of the modern and contemporary Romanian state alike, more specifically since the foundation of the United Principalities dating back to the mid-late 19th century until the present-day flawed democracy[1] (according to The Economist Intelligence Unit, but also to both Freedom House and the Democracy Index, the latter which puts the country at position 62 according to their 2020 report) during the early 21st century, in the wake of the violent and bloody Romanian Revolution (dating to mid-late December 1989).

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Nicolae Ciucă (former acting Prime Minister in December 2020) is the incumbent Prime Minister of Romania with full constitutional powers, as of 15 December 2021. He is a retired high-ranking army general of the Romanian Land Forces who subsequently joined the National Liberal Party (PNL) back in late 2020 and is currently in charge of a grand coalition government, officially known as the National Coalition for Romania (Romanian: Coaliția Națională pentru România; or CNR for short)[2] consisting of the PSD, PNL, and UDMR/RMDSZ with a confidence and supply agreement on behalf of all the constituent political parties of the national minorities as well.[3]

On 22 November, Nicolae Ciucă was officially designated by still incumbent President Iohannis as PM.[4] Furthermore, according to a political agreement signed between the three parties alongside the political group of all constituent 18 national minority political groups in the Parliament, Ciucă will remain incumbent until 25 May 2023, after which, theoretically, a PSD PM will subsequently replace him.[5] Prime Minister Nicolae Ciucă was sworn in on 25 November 2021, at a ceremony which was held at the Cotroceni Palace, thereby officially putting an end to an approximately three month-long major political crisis which had occurred previously and had a tremendous impact on the economy of the country as well.[6]

Affiliations

The political stance of prime ministers prior to the development of a modern party system is given by:

  C (Conservative)  MC (Moderate Conservative)
  RL (Radical Liberal)  ML (Moderate Liberal)

The political stance of prime ministers after the development of a modern party system is given by:

  PNL = National Liberal Party (historical)/(contemporary)  PC = Conservative Party
  PNR/PNȚ/PNȚ-CD = Romanian National Party/National Peasants' Party/Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party  PP = People's Party
  PCD = Conservative-Democratic Party  Ind. = Independent
  PND = Democratic Nationalist Party  PNC = National Christian Party
  FRN = National Renaissance Front
(from 1940 PN; Party of the Nation)		  FP = Ploughmen's Front
  PMR = Romanian Workers' Party
(from 1965 PCR; Romanian Communist Party)		  FSN/PDL = National Salvation Front/Democratic Liberal Party
  PDSR = Party of Social Democracy in Romania
(from 2001 PSD; Social Democratic Party)		  Mil. = Military
  PSDR = Romanian Social Democratic Party

Interim officeholders are denoted by italics.

List of officeholders

United Principalities (1859–1881)

From 1859 to 1862, the two principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) had each its own Government, and a Cabinet, seated in Iași and Bucharest respectively. In 1862 Alexandru Ioan Cuza changed the Constitution and there appeared a single Government and Cabinet, seated in Bucharest.

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Election Term of office Political party Cabinet
Took office Left office Time in office
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
(1862–1881)
1 Barbu Catargiu
(1807–1862)		  ? 15 February 1862 8 June 1862 † 113 days Con. Catargiu
— Apostol Arsache
(1789–1869)
 — 8 June 1862 23 June 1862 15 days Con.
2 Nicolae Crețulescu
(1812–1900)		 — 24 June 1862 11 October 1863 1 year, 109 days Mod. Lib. Crețulescu I
3 Mihail Kogălniceanu
(1817–1891)		 1864 11 October 1863 26 January 1865 1 year, 107 days Mod. Lib. Kogălniceanu
4 Constantin Bosianu
(1815–1882)		 — 26 January 1865 14 June 1865 139 days Mod. Lib. Bosianu
(2) Nicolae Crețulescu
(1812–1900)		 — 14 June 1865 11 February 1866 242 days Mod. Lib. Crețulescu II
5 Ion Ghica
(1816–1897)		 Apr.1866 11 February 1866 10 May 1866 88 days Mod. Lib. Ghica I
6 Lascăr Catargiu
(1823–1899)		 — 11 May 1866 13 July 1866 63 days Con. Catargiu I
(5) Ion Ghica
(1816–1897)		 Nov.1866 15 July 1866 21 February 1867 221 days Mod. Lib. Ghica II
7 Constantin A. Crețulescu
(1809–1884)		 — 1 March 1867 4 August 1867 156 days Rad. Lib. Crețulescu
8 Ștefan Golescu
(1809–1874)		 1867 26 November 1867 12 May 1868 168 days Rad. Lib. Golescu
9 Nicolae Golescu
(1810–1877)		 1868 1 May 1868 15 November 1868 198 days Rad. Lib. Golescu
10 Dimitrie Ghica
(1816–1897)		 — 16 November 1868 27 January 1870 1 year, 72 days Mod. Con. Ghica
11 Alexandru G. Golescu
(1819–1881)		 1869 2 February 1870 18 April 1870 75 days Mod. Lib. Golescu
12 Manolache Costache Epureanu
(1823–1880)		 — 20 April 1870 14 December 1870 238 days Con. Epureanu I
(5) Ion Ghica
(1816–1897)		 — 18 December 1870 11 March 1871 83 days Mod. Lib. Ghica III
(6) Lascăr Catargiu
(1823–1899)		 — 11 March 1871 30 March 1876 5 years, 19 days Con. Catargiu II
13 Ion Emanuel Florescu
(1819–1893)		 — 4 April 1876 26 April 1876 22 days Con. Florescu I
(12) Manolache Costache Epureanu
(1823–1880)		 — 6 May 1876 5 August 1876 91 days PNL Epureanu II
14 Ion Brătianu
(1821–1891)		 — 5 August 1876 13 March 1881 4 years, 220 days PNL I. Brătianu I–II–III

Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Election Term of office Political party Cabinet
Took office Left office Time in office
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
(1881–1947)
14 Ion Brătianu
(1821–1891)		 — 13 March 1881 9 April 1881 27 days PNL I. Brătianu III
15 Dimitrie Brătianu
(1818–1892)		 — 10 April 1881 8 June 1881 59 days PNL D. Brătianu
(14) Ion Brătianu
(1821–1891)		 — 9 June 1881 20 March 1888 6 years, 285 days PNL I. Brătianu VI
16 Theodor Rosetti
(1837–1923)		 — 23 March 1888 22 March 1889 364 days PC Rosetti I–II
(6) Lascăr Catargiu
(1823–1899)		 — 29 March 1889 3 November 1889 219 days PC Catargiu III
17 Gheorghe Manu
(1833–1911)		 — 5 November 1889 15 February 1891 1 year, 102 days PC Manu
(13) Ion Emanuel Florescu
(1819–1893)		 — 2 March 1891 29 December 1891 302 days PC Florescu II
(6) Lascăr Catargiu
(1823–1899)		 1892 29 December 1891 15 October 1895 3 years, 290 days PC Catargiu IV
18 Dimitrie Sturdza
(1833–1914)		 — 15 October 1895 2 December 1896 1 year, 48 days PNL Sturdza I
19 Petre S. Aurelian
(1833–1909)		 — 2 December 1896 12 April 1897 131 days PNL Aurelian
(18) Dimitrie Sturdza
(1833–1914)		 — 12 April 1897 23 April 1899 2 years, 11 days PNL Sturdza II
20 Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
(1833–1913)		 — 23 April 1899 19 July 1900 1 year, 87 days PC Cantacuzino I
21 Petre P. Carp
(1837–1919)		 — 19 July 1900 13 February 1901 209 days PC Carp I
(18) Dimitrie Sturdza
(1833–1914)		 1901 27 February 1901 4 January 1906 4 years, 311 days PNL Sturdza III
(20) Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
(1833–1913)		 — 4 January 1906 24 March 1907 1 year, 79 days PC Cantacuzino II
(18) Dimitrie Sturdza
(1833–1914)		 1907 24 March 1907 9 January 1909 1 year, 291 days PNL Sturdza IV
22 Ion I. C. Brătianu
(1864–1927)		 — 9 January 1909 28 December 1910 1 year, 353 days PNL I.I.C. Brătianu I–II
(21) Petre P. Carp
(1837–1919)		 1911 29 December 1910 28 March 1912 1 year, 90 days PC Carp II
23 Titu Maiorescu
(1840–1917)		 1912 28 March 1912 31 December 1913 1 year, 278 days PC Maiorescu I–II
(22) Ion I. C. Brătianu[lower-alpha 1]
(1864–1927)		 1914 4 January 1914 28 January 1918 4 years, 24 days PNL I.I.C. Brătianu III–IV
24 Alexandru Averescu[lower-alpha 1]
(1859–1938)		 — 29 January 1918 4 March 1918 34 days Mil. Averescu I
25 Alexandru Marghiloman[lower-alpha 1]
(1854–1925)		 1918 5 March 1918 23 October 1918 232 days PC Marghiloman
26 Constantin Coandă[lower-alpha 1]
(1857–1932)		 — 24 October 1918 29 November 1918 36 days Mil. Coandă
(22) Ion I. C. Brătianu
(1864–1927)		 — 29 November 1918 26 September 1919 301 days PNL I.I.C. Brătianu V
27 Artur Văitoianu
(1864–1956)		 — 27 September 1919 30 November 1919 64 days Mil. Văitoianu
28 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
(1872–1950)		 1919 1 December 1919 12 March 1920 102 days PNR Vaida-Voevod I
(24) Alexandru Averescu
(1859–1938)		 1920 13 March 1920 16 December 1921 1 year, 278 days PP Averescu II
29 Take Ionescu
(1858–1922)		 — 17 December 1921 19 January 1922 33 days PCD Ionescu
(22) Ion I. C. Brătianu
(1864–1927)		 1922 19 January 1922 29 March 1926 4 years, 69 days PNL I.I.C. Brătianu VI
(24) Alexandru Averescu
(1859–1938)		 1926 30 March 1926 4 June 1927 1 year, 66 days PP Averescu III
30 Barbu Știrbey
(1873–1946)		 — 4 June 1927 20 June 1927 16 days Ind. Știrbey
(22) Ion I. C. Brătianu
(1864–1927)		 1927 21 June 1927 24 November 1927 156 days PNL I.I.C. Brătianu VII
31 Vintilă Brătianu
(1867–1930)		 — 24 November 1927 9 November 1928 351 days PNL V. Brătianu
32 Iuliu Maniu
(1873–1953)		 1928 10 November 1928 6 June 1930 1 year, 208 days PNȚ Maniu I
33 Gheorghe Mironescu
(1874–1949)		 — 7 June 1930 12 June 1930 5 days PNȚ Mironescu I
(32) Iuliu Maniu
(1873–1953)		 — 13 June 1930 9 October 1930 118 days PNȚ Maniu II
(33) Gheorghe Mironescu
(1874–1949)		 — 10 October 1930 17 April 1931 189 days PNȚ Mironescu II
34 Nicolae Iorga
(1871–1940)		 1931 18 April 1931 5 June 1932 1 year, 48 days PND Iorga
(28) Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
(1872–1950)		 1932 6 June 1932 19 October 1932 221 days PNȚ Vaida-Voevod II–III
(32) Iuliu Maniu
(1873–1953)		 — 20 October 1932 13 January 1933 85 days PNȚ Maniu III
(28) Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
(1872–1950)		 — 14 January 1933 13 November 1933 303 days PNȚ Vaida-Voevod IV
35 Ion G. Duca
(1879–1933)		 1933 14 November 1933 29 December 1933 † 45 days PNL Duca
— Constantin Angelescu
(1870–1948)
 — 29 December 1933 3 January 1934 5 days PNL Angelescu
36 Gheorghe Tătărescu
(1886–1957)		 — 4 January 1934 28 December 1937 3 years, 358 days PNL Tătărescu I–II–III–IV
37 Octavian Goga
(1881–1938)		 1937 29 December 1937 10 February 1938 43 days PNC Goga
38 Patriarch
Miron Cristea
(1868–1939)		 — 11 February 1938 6 March 1939 † 1 year, 23 days Ind. Cristea I–II–III
39 Armand Călinescu
(1893–1939)		 1939 7 March 1939 21 September 1939 † 198 days FRN Călinescu
40 Gheorghe Argeșanu
(1883–1940)		 — 21 September 1939 28 September 1939 7 days Mil. Argeșanu
41 Constantin Argetoianu
(1871–1955)		 — 28 September 1939 23 November 1939 56 days FRN Argetoianu
(36) Gheorghe Tătărescu
(1886–1957)		 — 24 November 1939 3 July 1940 222 days FRN Tătărescu V–VI
42 Ion Gigurtu
(1886–1959)		 — 4 July 1940 4 September 1940 62 days FRN Gigurtu
43 Ion Antonescu[lower-alpha 2]
(1882–1946)		 — 4 September 1940 23 August 1944 3 years, 354 days Mil. Antonescu I–II–III
44 Constantin Sănătescu
(1885–1947)		 — 23 August 1944 5 December 1944 104 days Mil. Sănătescu I–II
45 Nicolae Rădescu
(1874–1953)		 — 6 December 1944 28 February 1945 84 days Mil. Rădescu
46 Petru Groza
(1884–1958)		 —
1946		 6 March 1945 29 December 1947 2 years, 298 days FP Groza I–II

Romanian People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Election Term of office Political party Cabinet
Took office Left office Time in office
Presidents of the Council of Ministers (informally Prime Ministers)
(1947–1989)
46 Petru Groza
(1884–1958)		 —
1948		 30 December 1947 2 June 1952 4 years, 155 days FP Groza III–IV
47 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(1901–1965)		 —
1952		 2 June 1952 4 October 1955 3 years, 124 days PMR Gheorghiu-Dej I–II
48 Chivu Stoica
(1908–1975)		 —
1957		 4 October 1955 20 March 1961 5 years, 167 days PMR Stoica I–II
49 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(1902–2000)		 1961
1965
1969		 21 March 1961 27 February 1974 12 years, 343 days PCR Maurer I–II–III–IV–V
50 Manea Mănescu
(1916–2009)		 —
1975		 27 February 1974 30 March 1979 5 years, 31 days PCR Mănescu I–II
51 Ilie Verdeț
(1925–2001)		 —
1980		 30 March 1979 20 May 1982 3 years, 51 days PCR Verdeț I–II
52 Constantin Dăscălescu
(1923–2003)		 —
1985		 21 May 1982 22 December 1989 7 years, 215 days PCR Dăscălescu I–II

Contemporary Romania (1989–present)
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Election Term of office Political party Cabinet
Took office Left office Time in office
Prime Ministers
(since 1989)
— Council of the National Salvation Front
de facto		 — 22 December 1989 26 December 1989 4 days FSN Provisional
53 Petre Roman[lower-alpha 3]
(born 1946)		 — 26 December 1989 28 June 1990 1 year, 294 days FSN Roman I
1990 28 June 1990 30 April 1991 Roman II
30 April 1991 16 October 1991 Roman III
54 Theodor Stolojan[lower-alpha 4]
(born 1943)		 — 16 October 1991 19 November 1992 1 year, 34 days FSN Stolojan I
55 Nicolae Văcăroiu
(born 1943)		 1992 19 November 1992 11 December 1996 4 years, 22 days PDSR Văcăroiu
56 Victor Ciorbea
(born 1954)		 1996 12 December 1996 30 March 1998 1 year, 108 days PNȚ-CD Ciorbea
— Gavril Dejeu
(born 1932)
 — 30 March 1998 17 April 1998 18 days PNȚ-CD
57 Radu Vasile
(1942–2013)		 — 17 April 1998 13 December 1999 1 year, 240 days PNȚ-CD Vasile
— Alexandru Athanasiu
(born 1955)
 — 13 December 1999 22 December 1999 9 days PSDR
58 Mugur Isărescu
(born 1949)		 — 22 December 1999 28 December 2000 1 year, 6 days Ind. Isărescu
59 Adrian Năstase
(born 1950)		 2000 28 December 2000 21 December 2004 3 years, 359 days PSD Năstase
— Eugen Bejinariu
(born 1959)
 — 21 December 2004 28 December 2004 7 days PSD
60 Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
(born 1952)		 2004 29 December 2004 5 April 2007 3 years, 359 days PNL Tăriceanu I
5 April 2007 22 December 2008 Tăriceanu II
61 Emil Boc
(born 1966)		 2008 22 December 2008 23 December 2009 3 years, 46 days PDL Boc I
23 December 2009 6 February 2012 Boc II
— Cătălin Predoiu
(born 1968)
 — 6 February 2012 9 February 2012 3 days Ind.
62 Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu
(born 1968)		 — 9 February 2012 7 May 2012 88 days Ind. Ungureanu
63 Victor Ponta
(born 1972)		 — 7 May 2012 21 December 2012 3 years, 46 days PSD Ponta I
2012 21 December 2012 5 March 2014 Ponta II
5 March 2014 17 December 2014 Ponta III
17 December 2014 22 June 2015 Ponta IV
— Gabriel Oprea
(born 1961)
 — 22 June 2015 9 July 2015 17 days UNPR
(63) Victor Ponta
(born 1972)		 — 9 July 2015 29 July 2015 20 days PSD
— Gabriel Oprea
(born 1961)
 — 29 July 2015 10 August 2015 12 days UNPR
(63) Victor Ponta
(born 1972)		 — 10 August 2015 5 November 2015 87 days PSD
— Sorin Cîmpeanu
(born 1968)
 — 5 November 2015 17 November 2015 12 days ALDE
64 Dacian Cioloș[lower-alpha 5]
(born 1969)		 — 17 November 2015 4 January 2017 1 year, 48 days Ind. Cioloș
65 Sorin Grindeanu
(born 1973)		 2016 4 January 2017 29 June 2017 176 days PSD Grindeanu
66 Mihai Tudose
(born 1967)		 — 29 June 2017 16 January 2018 201 days PSD Tudose
— Mihai Fifor
(born 1970)
 — 16 January 2018 29 January 2018 13 days PSD
67 Viorica Dăncilă
(born 1963)		 — 29 January 2018 4 November 2019 1 year, 279 days PSD Dăncilă
68 Ludovic Orban
(born 1963)		 — 4 November 2019 14 March 2020 1 year, 33 days PNL Orban I
14 March 2020 7 December 2020 Orban II
— Nicolae Ciucă
(born 1967)
 — 7 December 2020 23 December 2020 16 days PNL
69 Florin Cîțu
(born 1972)		 2020 23 December 2020 25 November 2021 337 days PNL Cîțu
70 Nicolae Ciucă
(born 1967)		 — 25 November 2021 Incumbent 20 days PNL Ciucă

Note: Romania used the Julian calendar prior to 1919, but all dates are given in the Gregorian calendar.

Further information: Lifespan timeline of prime ministers of Romania

Timeline

United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881)
Ion BrătianuIon Emanuel FlorescuManolache Costache EpureanuAlexandru G. GolescuDimitrie GhicaNicolae GolescuȘtefan GolescuConstantin A. KretzulescuLascăr CatargiuIon GhicaConstantin BosianuMihail KogălniceanuNicolae CrețulescuApostol ArsacheBarbu Catargiu

Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
Petru GrozaNicolae RădescuConstantin SănătescuIon AntonescuIon GigurtuConstantin ArgetoianuGheorghe ArgeșanuArmand CălinescuPatriarch Miron of RomaniaOctavian GogaGheorghe TătărescuConstantin AngelescuIon G. DucaNicolae IorgaGheorghe MironescuIuliu ManiuVintilă BrătianuBarbu ȘtirbeyTake IonescuAlexandru Vaida-VoevodArtur VăitoianuConstantin CoandăAlexandru MarghilomanAlexandru AverescuTitu MaiorescuIon I. C. BrătianuPetre P. CarpGheorghe Grigore CantacuzinoPetre S. AurelianDimitrie SturdzaIon Emanuel FlorescuGheorghe ManuLascăr CatargiuTheodor RosettiDimitrie BrătianuIon Brătianu

Communist Romania (1947–1989)
Constantin DăscălescuIlie VerdețManea MănescuIon Gheorghe MaurerChivu StoicaGheorghe Gheorghiu-DejPetru Groza

Contemporary Romania (1989–present)
Nicolae CiucăFlorin CîțuNicolae CiucăLudovic OrbanViorica DăncilăMihai FiforMihai TudoseSorin GrindeanuDacian CioloșSorin CîmpeanuGabriel OpreaVictor PontaMihai Răzvan UngureanuCătălin PredoiuEmil BocCălin Popescu-TăriceanuEugen BejinariuAdrian NăstaseMugur IsărescuAlexandru AthanasiuRadu VasileGavril DejeuVictor CiorbeaNicolae VăcăroiuTheodor StolojanPetre RomanList of members of the National Salvation Front Council

Notes
  1. Due to World War I, served in refuge at Iași, 3 December 1916 – 29 November 1918
  2. From 14 September 1940, styled Conducător
  3. Served as ad interim (i.e. acting) PM until 20 June 1990, following the 1990 general election held on 20 May.
  4. Stolojan joined the National Salvation Front (FSN) at the time he took office as Prime Minister back in 1991.
  5. The first politically non-attached/non-partisan fully technocratic PM of Romania at the time he acceded to governance.

See also

References
  1. solutions, EIU digital. "Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit". www.eiu.com. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  2. "Acord politic între PSD, PNL, UDMR și GPMN". Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  3. Robert Kiss (22 November 2021). "Cum arată Guvernul Ciucă. Rotativă în 2023 pentru premier și trei ministere. Premierul desemnat, prima ședință cu miniștrii propuși". Digi24 (in Romanian). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  4. Bogdan Păcurar (22 November 2021). "Klaus Iohannis: Îl desemnez pe Nicolae Ciucă pentru a forma o echipă guvernamentală". Digi24 (in Romanian). Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  5. Mihnea Lazăr and Robert Kiss (24 November 2021). "DOCUMENT: Cum se va numi noua coaliție PNL-PSD-UDMR și ce prevede acordul politic valabil până în 2024. Cum se vor „roti" premierii". Digi24 (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  6. Bogdan Păcurar (25 November 2021). "Miniștrii Guvernului Nicolae Ciucă au depus jurământul la Cotroceni. Klaus Iohannis: A fost nevoie să se treacă peste multe orgolii" (in Romanian). Retrieved 28 November 2021.

Bibliography
  • Nicolae C. Nicolescu, Șefii de stat și de guvern ai României (1859–2003), Editura Meronia, Bucharest, 2003
  • Stelian Neagoe, Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi – 1859 până în zilele noastre – 1995, Editura Machiavelli, Bucharest, 1995
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