Lists of earthquakes

Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from events too weak to be detectable except by sensitive instrumentation, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history. Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities and number of scientific studies.

Earthquakes (M6.0+) between 1900 and 2017

Lists by period

Lists by country

Lists by region

Deadliest earthquakes by year
Year Magnitude Location Depth MMI Notes Event Date
2000 7.9  Indonesia, Enggano Island offshore 44.0 X This earthquake killed at least 103 people and injured 2,585 others. 2000 Enggano earthquake June 4
2001 7.7  India, Bhuj 16.0 X 20,085 people were killed, 166,800 people were injured and over a million buildings damaged or destroyed, this was the 3rd largest earthquake in India since 1900. 2001 Gujarat earthquake January 26
2002 7.4 & 6.1  Afghanistan, Baghlan Province 8.0 VII 1,166 people were killed and 200 people were injured. A 45 meter wide fissure opened in Xiker Reservoir in Xinjiang, China. 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes March 3-25
2003 6.6  Iran, Bam 10.0 IX 26,271 people were killed and 30,000 people were injured. The city of Bam was catastrophically impacted with many buildings, including the Bam Citadel completely destroyed. 2003 Bam earthquake December 26
2004 9.1  Indonesia, Sumatra offshore 30.0 IX This is the third largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and is the largest since the 1964 Alaska earthquake. In total, at least 227,898 people were killed, many more injured and 1,126,900 were displaced by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2005 7.6  Pakistan, Balakot 15.0 XI At least 87,351 people killed, more than 138,000 injured and extensive damage in Pakistan and India. The heaviest damage occurred in the Muzaffarabad area, Pakistan where entire villages were destroyed. In addition, approximately 250,000 farm animals died due to the collapse of stone barns, and more than 500,000 large animals required immediate shelter from the harsh winter. 2005 Kashmir earthquake October 8
2006 6.4  Indonesia, Yogyakarta 10.0 IX At least 28,903 people were killed, 137,883 were injured and as many as 779,287 people were displaced in the Bantul-Yogyakarta area.[1] More than 127,000 houses were destroyed and an additional 451,000 were damaged in the area, with the total loss estimated at approximately 3.1 billion U.S. dollars. 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake May 27
2007 8.0  Peru, Ica offshore 39.0 IX At least 519 people killed, 1,090 injured and more than 39,700 buildings damaged or destroyed. 2007 Peru earthquake August 15
2008 8.0  China, Sichuan 19.0 XI At least 87,587 people killed, 374,643 injured and 18,392 missing and presumed dead. More than 45.5 million people in 10 provinces and regions were affected. At least 15 million people were evacuated from their homes and more than 5 million were left homeless. An estimated 5.36 million buildings collapsed and more than 21 million buildings were damaged. The total economic loss was estimated at 86 billion US dollars. 2008 Sichuan earthquake May 12
2009 7.6  Indonesia, Padang offshore 90.0 IX At least 1,115 people killed, 2,181 injured, 181,665 buildings destroyed or damaged and about 451,000 people displaced in Padang. Damage estimated at 2.3 billion U.S. dollars. 2009 Sumatra earthquake September 30
2010 7.0  Haiti, Léogâne 13.0 X The earthquake killed between 92,000 and 316,000 people, and injured 300,000. With 1.3 million displaced, 97,294 houses were destroyed and 188,383 were damaged in the Port-au-Prince area and in much of southern Haiti. 2010 Haiti earthquake January 12
2011 9.1  Japan, Sendai offshore 29.0 IX At least 19,747 people killed, 2,556 missing, 6,242 injured, 130,927 displaced and at least 332,395 buildings, 2,126 roads, 56 bridges and 26 railways destroyed or damaged by the earthquake and tsunami along the entire east coast of Honshu from Chiba to Aomori. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami March 11
2012 6.4  Iran, East Azerbaijan 9.0 VIII At least 306 people killed, 3,037 injured, 4 villages destroyed and 60 heavily damaged in the epicentral area 2012 East Azerbaijan earthquakes August 11
2013 7.7  Pakistan, Balochistan 15.0 IX At least 825 people killed, 700 people were injured and 21,000 houses destroyed or damaged in Balochistan 2013 Balochistan earthquakes September 24
2014 6.2  China, Ludian County 10.0 VIII At least 729 people killed, 3,143 injured and 42,000 houses damaged or destroyed. 2014 Ludian earthquake August 3
2015 7.8    Nepal, Gorkha District 8.2 X At least 9,182 people killed, 25,482 injured, and 769,817 houses damaged or destroyed in Nepal in this earthquake and the M 7.3 aftershock on May 12. April 2015 Nepal earthquake April 25
2016 7.8  Ecuador, Esmeraldas 20.6 IX At least 676 people killed, 27,732 injured and 7,000 buildings damaged or destroyed including most of the town of Pedernales and its surrounding urban areas. 2016 Ecuador earthquake April 16
2017 7.3 Iran-Iraq border Region 19.0 IX At least 630 people killed, more than 8,100 injured, 70,000 displaced, 12,000 buildings destroyed and 15,000 buildings damaged. 2017 Iran-Iraq earthquake November 12
2018 7.5  Indonesia, Palu 20.0 IX At least 4,340 people killed, 10,679 and 1.5 million people displaced. most of the casualties and damage were caused by a tsunami up to 7 m (23 ft) in Donggala. There are unconfirmed reports that a tsunami up to 15 m (50 ft) was observed in Sigi Regency. 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami September 28
2019 6.4  Albania, Durrës 10.0 VIII At least 51 people killed, 3,000 people injured and many buildings damaged or destroyed. 2019 Albania earthquake November 26
2020 7.0  Greece, Aegean Sea 3.0 X At least 119 people killed, 1,096 people were injured and a 6 meter (20 ft) high tsunami. Most of the casualties and damage occurred in Turkey 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake October 30
2021 7.2  Haiti, Nippes 10.0 IX At least 2,248 people killed, 12,763 people were injured and 136,800 buildings destroyed in Les Cayes 2021 Nippes earthquake August 14

Largest earthquakes by year
Year Magnitude Location Depth MMI Notes Deaths Injuries Event Date
1950 8.6 Assam-Tibet Border Region 15.0 XI - 4,800 0 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake August 15
1951 7.8  Taiwan, East Rift Valley 30.0 VII This was the strongest earthquake in a sequence of events. 85 1,200 1951 East Rift Valley earthquakes November 24
1952 9.0  Russia, Kamchatka 21.6 XI The death toll from this earthquake and resulting tsunami may be as high as 17,000. 2,336 0 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake November 4
1953 7.9  Japan, Yokohama 25.0 V – 1 0 [2] November 25
1954 7.8  Spain, Andalusia 626.2 IV 0 0 [3] March 29
1955 7.5  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands 15.0 I – 0 0 [4] February 27
1956 7.7  Greece, Dodecanese Islands 20.0 IX The earthquake triggered a 30 m (98 ft) high tsunami. 56 0 1956 Amorgos earthquake July 9
1957 8.6  United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska 25.0 VIII A 10 meter high tsunami led to most of the damage. 2 0 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake March 9
1958 8.3  Russia, Kuril Islands 35.0 IX[5] – 0 51 [6] November 6
1959 7.9  Russia, Kamchatka 55.0 VIII A tsunami up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high occurred in the Aleutian Islands. 1 13 1959 Kamchatka earthquake May 4
1960 9.5  Chile, Valdivia 25.0 XII This is the most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. A tsunami up to 25 m (82 ft) high occurred. 6,000 11,000 1960 Valdivia earthquake May 22
1961 7.6  Peru, Madre de Dios Region 612.2 IV – 0 0 [7] August 19
1962 7.5  Fiji, Offshore 390.0 I – 0 0 [8] May 21
1963 8.5  Russia, Kuril Islands 35.0 IX – 0 0 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake October 13
1964 9.2 Alaska, Prince William Sound 25.0 XI Most of the deaths were caused by a tsunami, which was the largest earthquake-produced tsunami ever recorded at a height of 67.0 m (219.8 ft). This is the second most powerful earthquake in modern times and the most powerful in North America. 131 0 1964 Alaska earthquake March 28
1965 8.7 Alaska, Aleutian Islands 30.3 X[9] A tsunami up to 10.7 m (35 ft) occurred, but caused little damage. This is the second most powerful earthquake in Alaska and the United States as a whole. 0 0 1965 Rat Islands earthquake February 4
1966 8.1  Peru, Arequipa 38.0 IX A 3.4 m (11 ft) high tsunami occurred. 125 3,000 1966 Peru earthquake
1967 7.4  Turkey, Sakarya Province 30.0 X – 86 0 1967 Mudurnu earthquake July 22
1968 8.3  Japan, Hokkaidō 26.0 VIII A majority of the casualties were from a 6 m (20 ft) high tsunami. 52 330 1968 Tokachi earthquake May 16
1969 8.2  Russia, Kuril Islands 30.0 VIII – 0 0 [10] August 11
1970 8.0  Colombia, Amazonas Department 644.8 IV This was one of the most powerful deep-focus earthquakes ever recorded. 1 4 1970 Colombia earthquake July 31
1971 8.1  Papua New Guinea, Kokopo 37.0 IX An 8.0 event occurred 12 days earlier,[11] so this can be considered a doublet earthquake. 3 5 1971 Solomon Islands earthquakes July 26
1972 8.0  Philippines, Mindanao 60.0 VII – 0 0 [12] December 2
1973 7.8  Japan, Hokkaidō 43.3 VIII A 5.98 m (19.6 ft) high tsunami occurred. 0 27 1973 Nemuro earthquake June 17
1974 8.1  Peru, Lima 13.0 IX – 78 2,400 1974 Lima earthquake October 3
1975 7.9  Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Island 49.0 VIII A 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high tsunami destroyed a few homes. 0 0 [13] July 20
1976 8.0  Philippines, Moro Gulf 33.0 VIII Further casualties were caused by a 9 m (30 ft) high tsunami. 8,000 10,000 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake August 17
1977 8.3  Indonesia, Bima 25.0 VI The earthquake was felt as far away as Albany in Australia. A 5.8 m (19 ft) high tsunami was also triggered. 189 1,100 1977 Sumba earthquake August 19
1978 7.7  Japan, Miyagi 44.0 VIII 6,757 buildings destroyed or badly damaged. The earthquake also triggered a 60 cm (2.0 ft) high tsunami. 28 1,325 1978 Miyagi earthquake June 12
1979 8.2  Ecuador, Tumaco 24.0 IX A tsunami up to 6 m (20 ft) high was triggered. 600 0 1979 Tumaco earthquake December 12
1980 7.9  Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands 33.0 VI – 0 0 [14] July 17
1981 7.7  Samoa, Apia 25.0 VI One person drowned in a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high tsunami. 1[15] 0 [16] September 1
1982 7.2  El Salvador, Offshore 73.0 VIII This event had similarities to the January 2001 El Salvador earthquake. 43 0 1982 El Salvador earthquake June 19
1983 7.6  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 88.8 VII In areas close to the epicentre, landslides occurred and trees were uprooted, and a 25 cm (0.82 ft) high tsunami was observed off the coast. 0 0 [17] March 18
1984 7.6  Solomon Islands, Honiara 18.1 VIII Some landslides occurred 0 0 [18] February 7
1985 8.0  Mexico, Mexico City 27.9 IX At least 3,536 buildings damaged or destroyed. A 3.0 m (9.8 ft)-high tsunami was observed on the Mexican coast, although some estimates put the height at 30 m (98 ft)[19] 10,000 30,000 1985 Mexico City earthquake September 19
1986 8.0  United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska 19.0 VII Minor damage was reported in areas near the epicenter. A tsunami with heights of 10 ft (3.0 m) struck Hawaii, more than 6,400 km (4,000 mi) away.[20] 0 0 [21] May 7
1987 7.9  United States, Gulf of Alaska 10.0 VI Minor damage was reported in areas near the epicentre and a small tsunami was observed. 0 0 [22] November 30
1988 7.7 Myanmar-China border region 17.8 X Some damage was also reported in Myanmar. 938 7,700 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes November 6
1989 8.0  Australia, Macquarie Island 10.0 V – 0 0 [23] May 23
1990 7.8  Philippines, Luzon 24.4 IX – 1,621 3,000 1990 Luzon earthquake July 16
1991 7.7  Costa Rica, Limón 10.0 IX A 4 m (13 ft)-high tsunami was observed. 127 759 1991 Limon earthquake April 22
1992 7.8  Indonesia, Sunda Islands 23.5 VIII A tsunami struck with heights of 25 m (82 ft). 2,500 0 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami December 12
1993 7.8  Guam, Offshore 59.3 IX 71 people were injured and a tsunami up to 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) was observed. 0 71 1993 Guam earthquake August 8
1994 8.3  Russia, Kuril Islands 3.0 IX A 3.5 m (11 ft)-high tsunami was observed. 12 1,742 1994 Kuril Islands earthquake October 5
1995 8.0  Chile, Antofagasta 30.5 VII – 3 59 1995 Antofagasta earthquake July 30
1996 8.2  Indonesia, Biak 11.5 VIII A 7 m (23 ft)-high tsunami occurred. 166 423 1996 Biak earthquake February 17
1997 7.7  Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula 23.5 VIII An 8.2 m (27 ft)-high tsunami was observed. 0 0 1997 Kamchatka earthquake December 5
1998 8.1  Antarctica, Balleny Islands 10.0 VI Believed to be the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in this area to date. 0 0 1998 Balleny Islands earthquake March 25
1999 7.7  Taiwan, Nantou County 15.5 IX At least 105,479 buildings damaged or destroyed. 2,444 11,305 1999 Jiji earthquake September 21
2000 8.0  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 13.0 VII One person killed in a landslide, another from a heart attack. Two 7.8 Mw  aftershocks occurred the following day. 2 0 2000 New Ireland earthquakes November 16
2001 8.4  Peru, Arequipa 33.0 VIII At least 90 drowned in a 7 m (23 ft)-high tsunami. 145 2,713 2001 southern Peru earthquake June 23
2002 7.9  United States, Alaska 4.2 IX It is the largest earthquake in Alaska in 16 years. 0 1 2002 Denali earthquake November 3
2003 8.3  Japan, Hokkaidō 23.5 IX Two missing. A 4 m (13 ft)-high tsunami observed. 0 849 2003 Tokachi earthquake September 25
2004 9.1–9.3  Indonesia, Sumatra 10.0 IX Majority of the deaths were from the associated tsunami that devastated parts of Southeast Asia and Western Africa with heights up to 51 m (167 ft) in Banda Aceh. 227,898 125,000 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami December 26
2005 8.6  Indonesia, Simeulue 21.0 IX Ten fatalities in Sri Lanka due to evacuations. A 3 m (9.8 ft)-high tsunami damaged an airport. 1,313 300 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake March 28
2006 8.3  Russia, Kuril Islands 10.0 VI 1 person injured when a tsunami struck with heights of 15 m (49 ft). 0 1 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake November 15
2007 8.4  Indonesia, Sumatra 34.0 VIII A 3 m (9.8 ft) tsunami observed. 23 0 September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes September 12
2008 8.0 Ms  China, Sichuan 19.0 XI – 87,587 374,177 2008 Sichuan earthquake May 12
2009 8.1  Samoa, Offshore 18.0 VII A tsunami up to 14 m (46 ft) struck the Samoan coast. 189 7 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami September 29
2010 8.8  Chile, Concepción 22.9 IX A 10 m (33 ft) tsunami struck the Chilean coast. 550 12,000 2010 Chile earthquake February 27
2011 9.1  Japan, Honshu 29.0 IX A tsunami up to 40.5 m (133 ft) struck the Tohoku coast. 19,747 6,000 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami March 11
2012 8.6  Indonesia, Indian Ocean 20.0 VII An 8.2 Mw  aftershock occurred a few hours later. 10 12 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes April 11
2013 8.3  Russia, Sea of Okhotsk 598.1 VI The quake was felt as far away as Moscow. 0 0 2013 Okhotsk Sea earthquake May 24
2014 8.2  Chile, Iquique 25.0 VIII – 6 9 2014 Iquique earthquake April 1
2015 8.3  Chile, Coquimbo 22.4 IX – 21 34 2015 Illapel earthquake September 16
2016 7.9  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 94.5 VII – 0 0 2016 Solomon Islands earthquakes#December 17 earthquake December 17
2017 8.2  Mexico, Chiapas 47.4 X – 98 250 2017 Chiapas earthquake September 8
2018 8.2  Fiji, Offshore 600.0 V – 0 0 2018 Fiji earthquake August 19
2019 8.0  Peru, Loreto 122.6 VIII – 2 0 2019 Peru earthquake May 26
2020 7.8  United States, Alaska Peninsula 28.0 VII Foreshock to the 8.2 in 2021, along with an event in October. 0 0 July 2020 Alaska Peninsula earthquake July 22
2021 8.2  United States, Alaska Peninsula 32.2 VI This is the largest earthquake in the United States since the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake. 0 0 2021 Chignik earthquake July 29

Largest earthquakes by magnitude
A pie chart comparing the seismic moment release of the three largest earthquakes for the hundred-year period from 1906 to 2005 with that for all earthquakes of magnitudes <6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8 and >8 for the same period. The 2011 Japan quake would be roughly similar to Sumatra.
Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.[24] The colour indicates the continent, and the legend counts the number of quakes for each. Notice the absence of Africa.

Listed below are all the 46 known earthquakes with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 or higher since 1501. Limited to a timeframe with enough data, this gives a rough estimate of its frequency per century. (The timeframe does not include outlying events like the earlier 1498 Meiō earthquake, 1420 Caldera earthquake, 1361 Shōhei earthquake, 869 Jōgan earthquake, and 365 Crete earthquake, each estimated to have magnitude ≥ 8.5.)

Prior to the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes can only be estimated, based on historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[25]

Rank Date Location Event Magnitude
1 May 22, 1960 Valdivia, Chile 1960 Valdivia earthquake 9.4–9.6
2 June 11, 1585 Pacific Ocean, Aleutian Islands (now Alaska, United States) 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake 9.25 (est.)
3 March 27, 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States 1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2
4 December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 9.1–9.3
5 July 8, 1730 Valparaiso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1730 Valparaíso earthquake 9.1–9.3 (est.)[26]
6 October 17, 1737 Kamchatka, Russia 1737 Kamchatka earthquake 9.0–9.3 (est.)
7 March 11, 2011 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 2011 Tōhoku earthquake 9.1[27]
8 May 17, 1841 Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 1841 Kamchatka earthquake 9.0 (est.)
9 November 4, 1952 Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake 9.0[28]
10 October 28, 1707 Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan 1707 Hōei earthquake 8.7–9.3 (est.)
11 January 26, 1700 Pacific Ocean, US and Canada (then claimed by the Spanish Empire and the British Empire) 1700 Cascadia earthquake 8.7–9.2 (est.)
12 January 31, 1906 Ecuador – Colombia 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake 8.8[29]
13 February 27, 2010 Offshore Maule, Chile 2010 Chile earthquake 8.8[29]
14 April 2, 1762 Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U) 1762 Arakan earthquake 8.8 (est.)
15 November 25, 1833 Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1833 Sumatra earthquake 8.8 (est.)
16 November 26, 1852 Banda Islands, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1852 Banda Sea earthquake 8.8 (est.)[30]
17 November 1, 1755 Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1755 Lisbon earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)
18 August 13, 1868 Arica, Chile (then Peru) 1868 Arica earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)
19 May 9, 1877 Iquique, Chile (then Peru) 1877 Iquique earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)
20 February 4, 1965 Rat Islands, Alaska, United States 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 8.7
21 August 15, 1950 Assam, India – Tibet, China 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake 8.6
22 March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, United States 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 8.6[29]
23 March 28, 2005 Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 8.6[29]
24 April 11, 2012 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes 8.6
25 October 28, 1746 Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake 8.6 (est.)
26 March 28, 1787 Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1787 New Spain earthquake 8.6 (est.)
27 February 2, 1816 Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1816 North Atlantic earthquake 8.6 (est.)
28 November 10, 1922 Atacama Region, Chile Catamarca Province, Argentina 1922 Vallenar earthquake 8.5[31]
29 February 1, 1938 Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1938 Banda Sea earthquake 8.5[29]
30 April 1, 1946 Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake 8.5
31 October 13, 1963 Kuril Islands, Russia (USSR) 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake 8.5[29]
32 December 16, 1575 Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1575 Valdivia earthquake 8.5 (est.)
33 November 24, 1604 Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1604 Arica earthquake 8.5 (est.)
34 May 13, 1647 Santiago, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1647 Santiago earthquake 8.5 (est.)
35 July 25, 1668 Shandong, China 1668 Shandong earthquake 8.5 (est.)[32]
36 October 20, 1687 Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1687 Peru earthquake 8.5 (est.)
37 May 24, 1751 Concepción, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1751 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
38 March 31, 1761 Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1761 Lisbon earthquake 8.5 (est.)[33]
39 April 4, 1819 Copiapó, Chile 1819 Copiapó earthquake 8.5 (est.)[34]
40 November 19, 1822 Valparaíso, Chile 1822 Valparaíso earthquake 8.5 (est.)
41 February 20, 1835 Concepción, Chile 1835 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
42 November 17, 1837 Valdivia, Chile 1837 Valdivia earthquake 8.5 (est.)[34]
43 February 8, 1843 Guadeloupe region, Lesser Antilles 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake 8.5 (est.)[35]
44 February 16, 1861 Sumatra, Indonesia 1861 Sumatra earthquake 8.5 (est.)
45 June 15, 1896 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 1896 Sanriku earthquake 8.5 (est.)
46 June 17, 1917 Samoa offshore 1917 Samoa earthquake 8.5 (est.)[36]
CenturyNumber with
magnitude ≥ 8.5
1501–16002
1601–17005
1701–18009
1801–190011
1901–200012
2001–20205
Total44

Note that historical records are known to be incomplete. Earthquakes that occurred in remote areas prior to the advent of modern instrumentation in the early to mid 1900s were not well-reported, and exact locations and magnitudes of such events are often unknown. Therefore, the apparent increase in large earthquake frequency over the last few centuries is unlikely to be accurate.

Largest earthquakes by country/territory
  • This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
  • The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.
  • Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.
  • Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).
Country/Territory Magnitude Date More information
Afghanistan 7.8 15 November 1921 [37]
Albania 6.7 30 November 1967 [38]
Algeria 7.1 10 October 1980 1980 El Asnam earthquake
American Samoa 5.2 10 January 1995 [39]
Andorra 6.7 2 February 1428 1428 Catalonia earthquake
Angola 5.3 19 October 2001 [40]
Antarctica 8.1 25 March 1998 1998 Balleny Islands earthquake
Antigua and Barbuda 7.5 8 October 1974 [41]
Armenia 6.8 Ms 7 December 1988 1988 Armenian earthquake
Argentina 7.5 27 October 1894 1894 San Juan earthquake
Australia 8.1 23 December 2004 2004 Tasman Sea earthquake
Austria 5.5–6.0 15 September 1590 1590 Neulengbach earthquake
Azerbaijan 6.9 25 November 1667 1667 Shamakhi earthquake
Bangladesh 8.8 2 April 1762 1762 Arakan earthquake
Barbados 6.5 18 February 2014 [42]
Belgium 6.3 18 September 1692 [43]
Belize 4.7 28 June 1985 [44]
Bhutan 7.5–8.5 1714 [45]
Bolivia 8.2 9 June 1994 1994 Bolivia earthquake
Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.4 27 October 1969 1969 Banja Luka earthquake
Botswana 6.8 11 October 1952 [46]
Brazil 7.6 9 November 1963 [47]
British Indian Ocean Territory 7.3 30 November 1983 [48]
Bulgaria 7.2 Ms [49] 4 April 1904 1904 Kresna earthquakes
Burundi 5.3 29 January 1978 [50]
Cameroon 4.9 27 January 1987 [51]
Caribbean Netherlands 5.2 10 March 2017 [52]
Canada 8.7–9.2 26 January 1700 1700 Cascadia earthquake
Cayman Islands 6.8 14 December 2004 [53]
Central African Republic 4.9 6 February 1994 [54]
Chile 9.5 22 May 1960 1960 Valdivia earthquake
China 8.6 15 August 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Cocos Islands 7.9 18 June 2000 [55]
Colombia 8.8 31 January 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Comoros 6.0 29 April 1952 [56]
Congo 5.2 26 April 1998 [57]
Costa Rica 7.7 22 April 1991 1991 Limon earthquake
Croatia 6.4 29 December 2020 2020 Petrinja earthquake
Cuba 7.6 11 June 1766 List of earthquakes in Cuba[58]
Cyprus 7.0 11 May 1222 1222 Cyprus earthquake
Czech Republic 4.8 ML 23 December 1985 [59]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.8 5 December 2005 2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake
Denmark 4.4 ML[60][61][62] 19 February 2010 Jutland
Djibouti 6.5 20 August 1989 [63]
Dominica 6.3 21 November 2004 2004 Les Saintes earthquake
Dominican Republic 8.1 Ms 4 August 1946 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
East Timor 6.0 20 January 1959 [64]
Ecuador 8.8 31 January 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Egypt 7.3 22 November 1995 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
El Salvador 8.0 MI 19 December 1862 [65]
Equatorial Guinea 4.9 28 March 1999 [66]
Eritrea 6.2 23 September 1915 [67]
Estonia 4.5–4.7 mb  25 October 1976 1976 Osmussaare earthquake
Ethiopia 6.5 30 June 1919 [68]
Fiji 8.2 19 August 2018 2018 Fiji earthquake
Finland 4.7 4 November 1898 [69]
France 6.2 11 June 1909 1909 Provence earthquake
Gabon 6.2 Ms 23 September 1974 [70]
Georgia 7.0 29 April 1991 1991 Racha earthquake
Germany 6.1 18 February 1756 1756 Düren earthquake
Ghana 6.5 ML 22 June 1939 [71]
Greece 8.5+ 21 July 365 365 Crete earthquake
Grenada 5.5 28 November 1985 [72]
Greenland 7.7 20 November 1933 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
Guadeloupe 8.5 8 February 1843 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
Guam 7.8 8 August 1993 1993 Guam earthquake[73]
Guatemala 7.7 6 August 1942 1942 Guatemala earthquake
Guinea 6.3 22 December 1983 1983 Guinea earthquake[74]
Guyana 5.5 31 January 2021 [75]
Haiti 8.1 Ms 7 May 1842 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
Honduras 7.5 10 January 2018 2018 Swan Islands earthquake
Hungary 6.3 ML 28 June 1763 1763 Komárom earthquake
Iceland 6.9 28 March 1963 [76]
India 8.6 15 August 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Indonesia 9.1–9.3 26 December 2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Iran 7.9 Ms 22 December 856 856 Damghan earthquake
Iraq 7.0 22 September 1666 [77]
Ireland 5.4 19 July 1984 1984 Llŷn Peninsula earthquake
Israel 6.3 11 July 1927 1927 Jericho earthquake
Italy 7.4 11 January 1693 1693 Sicily earthquake
Jamaica 7.7 28 January 2020 2020 Caribbean earthquake
Japan 9.0 11 March 2011 2011 Tōhoku earthquake
Jordan 6.3 11 July 1927 1927 Jericho earthquake
Kazakhstan 7.7 3 January 1911 1911 Kebin earthquake
Kenya 7.0 6 January 1928 [78]
Kiribati 5.9 23 May 1982 [79]
Kyrgyzstan 7.7 3 January 1911 1911 Kebin earthquake
Laos 6.9 Ms 24 June 1983 [80]
Lebanon 7.5 9 July 551 551 Beirut earthquake
Libya 6.8 19 April 1935 [81]
Madagascar 5.6 21 April 1991 [82]
Malawi 6.2 mb  10 March 1989 [83]
Malaysia 6.3 11 August 1923 [84]
Maldives 7.1 29 February 1944 [85]
Malta 7.4 11 January 1693 1693 Sicily earthquake[86]
Marshall Islands 5.6 22 March 1982 [87]
Martinique 7.8 Ms 11 January 1839 1839 Martinique earthquake
Mauritius 6.7 26 July 1976 [88]
Mayotte 6.0 29 April 1952 [89]
Mexico 8.6 28 March 1787 1787 Mexico earthquake
Micronesia 7.1 15 November 1929 [90]
Monaco 6.3 19 July 1963 [91]
Mongolia 8.3 23 July 1905 1905 Bolnai earthquake and 1905 Tsetserleg earthquake
Montenegro 6.9 15 April 1979 1979 Montenegro earthquake
Morocco 6.3 24 February 2004 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake
Mozambique 7.0 22 February 2006 2006 Mozambique earthquake
Myanmar 8.0+ 23 March 1839 & 12 September 1946 1839 Ava earthquake and 1946 Sagaing earthquakes[92]
Namibia 5.5 4 April 2021 [93]
Nepal 8.2–8.8 6 June 1505 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
Netherlands 5.8 13 April 1992 1992 Roermond earthquake
New Caledonia 7.9 9 August 1901 [94]
New Zealand 8.2 23 January 1855 1855 Wairarapa earthquake
Nicaragua 7.7 2 September 1992 1992 Nicaragua earthquake
North Korea 6.8 8 October 1960 [95]
North Macedonia 6.6 8 March 1931 [96]
Northern Mariana Islands 7.7 29 July 2016 [97]
Norway 6.8 30 August 2012 [98]
Pakistan 8.1 28 November 1945 1945 Balochistan earthquake
Palau 7.8 16 August 1911 [99]
Panama 7.5 Ms 18 July 1934 [100]
Papua New Guinea 8.1 26 July 1971 1971 Solomon Islands earthquakes
Paraguay 6.5 28 February 1989 [101]
Peru 8.6 28 October 1746 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
Philippines 8.3 15 August 1918 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
Poland 5.8 mb  6 August 1983 [102]
Portugal 8.5–9.0 1 November 1755 1755 Lisbon earthquake
Puerto Rico 8.0 2 May 1787 1787 Boricua earthquake
Réunion 5.3 mb  6 April 2007 [103]
Romania 7.9 26 October 1802 1802 Vrancea earthquake
Russia 9.0 4 November 1952 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
Rwanda 5.9 3 February 2008 [104]
Samoa 8.5 25 June 1917 1917 Samoa earthquake
São Tomé and Príncipe 5.5 19 December 2019 [105]
Saudi Arabia 6.2 11 January 1941 1941 Jabal Razih earthquake
Serbia 5.8 18 May 1980 [106]
Seychelles 5.2 28 April 1995 [107]
Slovakia 5.8 28 June 1763 [108]
Slovenia 6.1 ML 14 April 1895 1895 Ljubljana earthquake
Solomon Islands 8.1 1 April 2007 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
Somalia 5.6 3 July 1951 [109]
South Africa 6.4 29 September 1969 1969 Tulbagh earthquake
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8.1 27 June 1929 & 12 August 2021 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes[110]
South Korea 6.2 29 June 1975 [111]
South Sudan 7.2 Ms 20 May 1990 [112]
Spain 7.8 29 March 1954 [113]
Sri Lanka 5.9 30 August 1973 [114]
Sweden 4.9 18 May 2020 [115]
Switzerland 6.5 18 October 1356 1356 Basel earthquake
Syria 7.6 Ms 20 May 1202 1202 Syria earthquake
Taiwan 8.2 5 June 1920 [116]
Tajikistan 7.5 10 July 1949 1949 Khait earthquake
Tanzania 7.3 13 December 1910 [117]
Thailand 6.1 5 May 2014 2014 Mae Lao earthquake
Tonga 8.1 30 April 1919 [118]
Trinidad and Tobago 6.7 22 April 1997 [119][120]
Tunisia 5.5 20 February 1957 [121]
Turkey 7.8 27 December 1939 1939 Erzincan earthquake
Turkmenistan 7.3 Ms 5 October 1948 1948 Ashgabat earthquake
Uganda 6.5 30 June 1952 [122]
Ukraine 6.7 11 September 1927 1927 Crimean earthquakes
United Kingdom 6.1 ML 7 June 1931 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
United States 9.2 27 March 1964 1964 Alaska earthquake
Uruguay 5.5 Ms 5 June 1888 1888 Rio de la Plata earthquake
Uzbekistan 7.0 19 March 1984 [123]
Vanuatu 8.1 20 September 1920 [124]
Venezuela 7.7 29 October 1900 1900 San Narciso earthquake
Vietnam 6.9 24 June 1983 [80]
Wallis and Futuna 7.6 23 May 1956 [125]
Yemen 6.6 30 December 2006 [126]
Zambia 6.7 1 May 1919 [127]
Zimbabwe 5.5 25 September 1963 [128]

Costliest earthquakes

This is a list of major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake. Rank values are assigned based on inflation-adjusted comparison of property damage in US dollars. Wherever possible, indirect and socioeconomic losses are excluded. Damage estimates for particular earthquakes may vary over time as more data becomes available.

Rank Event Location Magnitude Property damage
1 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami  Japan 9.1[27] $360 billion[129][130]
2 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake  Japan 6.9 $200 billion[131]
3 2008 Sichuan earthquake Sichuan, China 8.0 $150 billion[132]
4 2004 Chūetsu earthquake  Japan 6.8 $28 billion[133][134]
5 1999 İzmit earthquake  Turkey 7.6 $20 billion[133]
6 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes  Italy 6.1[135] $15.8 billion[136]
7 2011 Christchurch earthquake  New Zealand 6.3[137] $15–40 billion[138][139]
8 2010 Chile earthquake  Chile 8.8[140] $15–30 billion[140]
9 1980 Irpinia earthquake  Italy 6.9[133] $15 billion[133]
10 1994 Northridge earthquake Los Angeles, United States 6.7 $13–44 billion
11 1976 Tangshan earthquake Hebei, China 7.8 $10 billion[141]
12 1999 Jiji earthquake  Taiwan 7.7 $10 billion
13 April 2015 Nepal earthquake    Nepal 7.8 $10 billion[142]
14 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake California, United States 6.9 $5.6–6 billion
15 1923 Great Kantō earthquake Tokyo, Japan 8.0 $600 million[133]
16 1906 San Francisco earthquake San Francisco, United States 7.7 to 7.9 (est.)[135] $400 million[135]

Deadliest earthquakes
See also: List of deadliest 20th-century earthquakes per year and List of deadliest 21st-century earthquakes per year

The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths:

Deadliest earthquakes[143]
Rank Event Date Location Fatalities Magn­itude Notes
1 1556 Shaanxi earthquakeJanuary 23, 1556Shaanxi, China820,000–830,000[144]8.0Estimated death toll in Shaanxi, China
2 1976 Tangshan earthquakeJuly 28, 1976Hebei, China242,769–700,000+[145][146][147]7.8
3 1920 Haiyuan earthquakeDecember 16, 1920Ningxia–Gansu, China273,400[145][148]7.8Major fractures, landslides.
4 526 Antioch earthquakeMay 21, 526Antioch, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Turkey)250,000[149]7.0[150]Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus.
5 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamiDecember 26, 2004Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia227,8989.1–9.3Became the deadliest tsunami on record, causing nearly 240,000 deaths from the earthquake and resulting tsunami across 14 countries.
6 1139 Ganja earthquakeSeptember 30, 1139Ganja, Azerbaijan230,000–300,0007.0 Mw Death toll based on a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in the Jazira plain and the 1138 Aleppo earthquake.
7 1138 Aleppo earthquakeOctober 11, 1138Aleppo, Syria130,000–230,000[151]7.1[151]The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and on September 30, 1139 in the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[152]
8 2010 Haiti earthquakeJanuary 12, 2010Haiti100,000–316,000 (estimates)7.0Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[153] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[154][155]
9 1303 Hongdong earthquake July 25, 1303 Shanxi, China 200,000[156] 8.0 Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled.
10 856 Damghan earthquakeDecember 22, 856Damghan, Iran200,0007.9 Ms
11 893 Ardabil earthquakeMarch 22, 893Ardabil, Iran150,000UnknownReports probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[157] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[158]
12 533 Aleppo earthquakeNovember 29, 533Syria130,000[159]Unknown
13 1908 Messina earthquakeDecember 28, 1908Messina, Italy123,000[160]7.1The ground shook for 30 to 40 seconds around 5:20 am, and destruction occurred within a 300 km radius. 91% of structures in Messina were destroyed and ~70,000 residents died. Rescuers searched for weeks, and whole families were pulled out alive days later. A 40-foot (12 m) tsunami struck nearby coasts. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage.
14 1948 Ashgabat earthquakeOctober 6, 1948Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR (modern-day Turkmenistan)10,000–110,0007.3 Ms
15 1923 Great Kantō earthquakeSeptember 1, 1923Kantō region, Japan105,385[161]7.9This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[162] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost two feet forward. Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ~40,000 missing later presumed dead.
16 1290 Chihli earthquakeSeptember 27, 1290Ningcheng, China100,000[163]6.8 Ms

Most studied earthquakes

The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.

RankEvent origin timeISC Event #PapersISC codeEvent
1 2011-03-11 05:46:23164612821519TOHOKU20112011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2 2008-05-12 06:27:59132281211217WENCHUAN20082008 Sichuan earthquake
3 2004-12-26 00:58:527453151836SUMATRA20042004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
4 1999-09-20 17:47:161718616640CHI-CHI19991999 Jiji earthquake
5 1994-01-17 12:30:54189275466NORTHRIDGE19941994 Northridge earthquake
6 1995-01-16 20:46:51124708451SHYOGO1995Great Hanshin earthquake
7 1989-10-18 00:04:14389808424LOMAPRIETA19891989 Loma Prieta earthquake
8 2009-04-06 01:32:4213438018420LAQUILA20092009 L'Aquila earthquake
9 2010-02-27 06:34:1314340585392MAULE20102010 Chile earthquake
10 1992-06-28 11:57:35289086383LANDERS19921992 Landers earthquake
11 1999-08-17 00:01:381655218361IZMIT19991999 İzmit earthquake
12 2015-04-25 06:11:26607208674298GORKHA2015April 2015 Nepal earthquake
13 1964-03-28 03:36:13869809249ALASKA19641964 Alaska earthquake
14 1985-09-19 13:17:50516095236MEXICOCITY19851985 Mexico City earthquake
15 1960-05-22 19:11:20879136236CHILE19601960 Valdivia earthquake
16 1971-02-09 14:00:40787038227SANFERNANDO19711971 San Fernando earthquake
17 2001-01-26 03:16:401763683221BHUJ20012001 Gujarat earthquake
18 2010-09-03 16:35:4615155483216DARFIELD20102010 Canterbury earthquake
19 1976-07-27 19:42:53711732195TANGSHAN19761976 Tangshan earthquake
20 1976-05-06 20:00:12713583187FRIULI19761976 Friuli earthquake
21 1980-11-23 18:34:52635924178IRPINIA19801980 Irpinia earthquake
22 2003-09-25 19:50:077134409177TOKACHI-OKI20032003 Hokkaidō earthquake
23 2013-04-20 00:02:47607304721172LUSHAN20132013 Lushan earthquake
24 2011-02-21 23:51:4216168897170CHRISTCHURCH2011A2011 Christchurch earthquake
25 2016-04-15 16:25:06610289055170KUMAMOTO20162016 Kumamoto earthquakes
26 2004-09-28 17:15:247406045166PARKFIELD2004Parkfield earthquake
27 2005-03-28 16:09:357486110165NIAS20052005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
28 2004-10-23 08:55:587421058162MID-NIIGATA20042004 Chūetsu earthquake
29 2012-05-20 02:03:53601025379153EMILIA2012A2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
30 1999-10-16 09:46:451643776150HECTOR-MINE19991999 Hector Mine earthquake
31 2001-11-14 09:26:102331800148KUNLUN20012001 Kunlun earthquake
32 2005-10-08 03:50:357703077144KASHMIR20052005 Kashmir earthquake
33 2002-11-03 22:12:416123395141DENALI20022002 Denali earthquake
34 1988-12-07 07:41:24417441139ARMENIA19881988 Armenian earthquake
35 1999-11-12 16:57:191650092137DUZCE19991999 Düzce earthquake
36 1979-10-15 23:16:57657282132IMPERIAL19791979 Imperial Valley earthquake
37 2003-12-26 01:56:537217667128BAM20032003 Bam earthquake
38 1923-09-01 02:58:35911526127KANTO19231923 Great Kantō earthquake
39 2010-01-12 21:53:1014226221125HAITI20102010 Haiti earthquake
40 1983-05-26 02:59:58577008114SEAOFJAPAN19831983 Sea of Japan earthquake
41 2012-05-29 07:00:04605482196111EMILIA2012B2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
42 1997-09-26 09:40:251043512102UMBRIA-MARCHE1997B1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake
43 2000-10-06 04:30:171839998100TOTTORI20002000 Tottori earthquake
44 2008-06-13 23:43:461337736197IWATE-MIYAGI20082008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku earthquake
45 2007-07-16 01:13:211276976996CHUETSU-0KI20072007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake
46 2010-04-13 23:49:371457307596YUSHU 20102010 Yushu earthquake
47 1977-03-04 19:21:5470069596ROMANIAN19771977 Vrancea earthquake
48 2011-10-23 10:41:221739427091VAN20112011 Van earthquakes
49 1975-02-04 11:36:0573196180HAICHENG19751975 Haicheng earthquake
50 2007-03-25 00:41:571170327873NOTO-HANTO20072007 Noto earthquake

modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.

International Seismological Centre. Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom, http://www.isc.ac.uk/. 2018.

See also
  •  Earth sciences portal

References
  1. "Number of deaths caused by the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake".
  2. "M 7.9 – off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. November 25, 1953. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  3. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar". United States Geological Survey. March 29, 1954. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  4. "M 7.5 – Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. February 27, 1955. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  5. "M 8.3 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey. November 6, 1958. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  6. "M 8.3 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey. November 6, 1958. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  7. "M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1961. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  8. "M 7.5 – Fiji region". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1962. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  9. "M 8.7 – Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. February 4, 1965. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  10. "M 8.2 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey. August 11, 1969. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  11. "M 8.0 – New Ireland region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 14, 1971. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  12. "M 8.0 – Mindanao, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1972. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  13. "M 7.9 – Bougainville region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 20, 1975. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  14. "M 7.9 – 199 km S of Lata, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. July 17, 1980. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  15. "Tsunami Event: SAMOA ISLANDS". National Geophysical Data Center. September 1, 1981. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  16. "M 7.7 – 133 km NE of Hihifo, Tonga". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1981. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  17. "M 7.6 – 157 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. March 18, 1983. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  18. "M 7.6 – 85 km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands".
  19. "The Impact of the M8.0 Mexico Quake of 1985".
  20. "Major earthquake Strikes Alaska, Tsunami Strikes Hawaii". May 7, 1986.
  21. "M 8.0 – 85 km SSW of Atka, Alaska". May 7, 1986.
  22. "M 7.9 – 200km WSW of Yakutat, Alaska". November 30, 1987.
  23. "M 8.0, Macquarie Island Region". May 23, 1989.
  24. "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900". usgs.gov. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
  25. Johnston, Arch C.; Halchuk, Stephen (June–July 1993), "The seismicity data base for the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program", Annali di Geofisica, 36 (3–4): 133–151, pp. 140, 142 et seq.
  26. Carvajal, M.; Cisternas, M.; Catalán, P.A. (2017). "Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (5): 3648–3660. doi:10.1002/2017JB014063.
  27. "M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan". Earthquake Hazards Program. USGS. 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  28. "Historic Earthquakes – Kamchatka Archived August 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
  29. "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900 Archived May 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Geological Survey, March 7, 2010
  30. H. Ringer, J. P. Whitehead, J. Krometis, R. A. Harris, N. Glatt-Holtz, S. Giddens, C. Ashcraft, G. Carver, A. Robertson, M. Harward, J. Fullwood, K. Lightheart, R. Hilton, A. Avery, C. Kesler, M. Morrise, M. H. Klein (2021). "Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (4). arXiv:2009.14272. doi:10.1029/2020JB021107. Retrieved June 19, 2021.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. "Historic Earthquakes – Chile-Argentina Border Archived November 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
  32. "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGCD. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  33. NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  34. Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
  35. Hough S.E. (2013). "Missing great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (3): 1098–1108. Bibcode:2013JGRB..118.1098H. doi:10.1002/jgrb.50083.
  36. Engdahl, E. R.; Vallaseñor, A. (2002). "Global seismicity: 1900–1999" (PDF). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Part A, Volume 81A (First ed.). Academic Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0124406520.
  37. "The Largest Earthquakes in Afghanistan". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  38. "M 6.7 – Albania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  39. "M 5.2 - 39 km NNE of Ta`?, American Samoa". United States Geological Survey.
  40. "The Largest Earthquakes in Angola". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  41. "M 7.5 – 25 km NW of Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  42. "6.5 magnitude earthquake near Greenland, Saint Andrew, Barbados and Ciudad Guayana, Bolívar, Venezuela : February 18, 2014 09:27". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  43. Petermans, T.; Devleeschouwer, X.; Pouriel, F.; Rosset, P. (2006), "Mapping the local seismic hazard in the urban area of Brussels, Belgium (IAEG2006 Paper number 424)" (PDF), IAEG2006 — 10th IAEG International Congress : Nottingham, Geological Society of London
  44. "M 4.7 - 55 km ESE of Dangriga, Belize".
  45. György Hetényi, Romain Le Roux‐Mallouf Théo Berthet Rodolphe Cattin Carlo Cauzzi Karma Phuntsho Remo Grolimund (2016). "Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (20): 10, 695–10, 702. doi:10.1002/2016GL071033.
  46. Simon, RE; Kwadiba, MTO; King, JG; Moidaki, M (2012). "A History of Botswana's Seismic Network". Botswana Notes and Records. 44: 184–192. JSTOR 43855570.
  47. M7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region, USGS
  48. "The Largest Earthquakes in Chagos Archipelago". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  49. Ambraseys, N. (2001), "The Kresna earthquake of 1904 in Bulgaria", Annals of Geophysics Journal, INGV, 44 (1): 102, doi:10.4401/ag-3614
  50. "M 5.3 – Burundi". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  51. "4.9 magnitude earthquake near Tibati, Adamaoua, Cameroon and Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon : January 26, 1987 23:11". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  52. "M 5.2 - 64 km N of Coro, Venezuela". United States Geological Survey.
  53. "6.8 magnitude earthquake near George Town, Cayman Islands and Havana, La Habana, Cuba : December 14, 2004 23:20". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  54. "M 4.9 – Central African Republic". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  55. "M 7.9 – South Indian Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  56. "The Largest Earthquakes in Comoros". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  57. "5.2 magnitude earthquake near Impfondo, Likouala, Republic of the Congo and Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo : April 26, 1998 14:16". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  58. The 1766 Santiago earthquake killed more people, but the 1900 earthquake had a higher intensity. "14 Significant Earthquakes where (Year <= 2016 and Year >= 1000) and Country = CUBA and Region Code = 90". NCEI Significant Earthquake search. National Centers for Environmental Information, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
  59. "4.8 magnitude earthquake near Skalná, Karlovarský, Czech Republic and Prague, Praha, Czech Republic : December 23, 1985 04:27". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  60. "M4.4 – North Sea (4.4 magnitude earthquake 47 km from Thyborøn, Central Jutland, Denmark)". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016.
  61. There was also a 4.4 Mw earthquake on 15 June 1985 in the Kattegat between Denmark and Sweden. "Denmark: Copenhagen: Saturday, June 15, 1985 Earthquake". Earthquake.Zone.;"M4.4 – Sweden". United States Geological Survey.
  62. Earlier large earthquakes affecting Denmark occurred in Norway and Sweden. Voss, P. H.; Larsen, T. B.; Ottemöller, L.; Gregersen, S. (2009). "Earthquake in southern Sweden wakes up Denmark on 16 December 2008" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. 17: 11.
  63. "M 6.5 – Djibouti". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  64. "M 6.0 – East Timor region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  65. White, R. A.; Ligorria, J. P.; Cifuentes, I. L. (2004). "Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000". Natural Hazards in El Salvador. Geological Society of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
  66. "M 4.9 - Equatorial Guinea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  67. "M 6.2 – Eritrea-Ethiopia border region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  68. "The Largest Earthquakes in Ethiopia". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  69. "Largest earthquake in Finland". Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University of Oulu). Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  70. "M 6.2 – Gabon". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  71. Amponsah, P. (April 1, 2003). "The Earthquake Of 22nd June 1939 And Its Effect In Ghana". EGS – AGU – EUG Joint Assembly: 14097. Bibcode:2003EAEJA....14097A.
  72. "M 5.5 – Grenada region, Windward Islands". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  73. "7.8 magnitude earthquake near Inarajan Village, Inarajan, Guam : August 08, 1993 08:34". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  74. "6.3 magnitude earthquake near Gaoual, Boke, Guinea and Conakry, Guinea : December 22, 1983 04:11". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  75. "M 5.5 – 82 km SSE of Lethem, Guyana". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  76. "6.9 magnitude earthquake near Siglufjörður, Northeast, Iceland : March 28, 1963 00:15". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  77. Onur, T.; Gok, R.; Abdulnaby, W.; Mahdi, H.; Numan, N.M.; Al-Shukri, H.; Shakir, A.; Chlaib, H.; Ameen, T.H.; Abd, N. (2016). "A Comprehensive Earthquake Catalogue for Iraq in Terms of Moment Magnitude". Seismological Research Letters. 88 (3): 798–811. doi:10.1785/0220160078. OSTI 1466119.
  78. "The Largest Earthquakes in Kenya". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  79. "M 5.9 – Gilbert Islands, Kiribati region". earthquake.usgs.gov.
  80. "6.9 magnitude earthquake near Dien Bien Phu, Tỉnh Ðiện Biên, Vietnam and Hanoi, Ha Nội, Vietnam : June 24, 1983 09:07". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  81. "The Largest Earthquakes in Libya". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  82. "The Largest Earthquakes in Madagascar". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  83. "The Largest Earthquakes in Malawi". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  84. "M 6.3 – 23 km NNW of Lahad Datu, Malaysia". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  85. "7.1 magnitude earthquake near Fuvahmulah, Gnyaviyani Atoll, Maldives and Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India : February 29, 1944 16:28". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  86. Galea, P. (2007). "Seismic history of the Maltese islands and considerations on seismic risk". Annals of Geophysics. 50 (6): 725–740.
  87. "M 5.6 - Marshall Islands region". United States Geological Survey.
  88. "The Largest Earthquakes in Mauritius". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  89. "The Largest Earthquakes in Mayotte". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  90. "7.1 magnitude earthquake near Fais, Yap, Micronesia : November 15, 1929 18:50". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  91. "M 6.3 - Ligurian Sea". United States Geological Survey. July 19, 1963. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  92. "M8.0 – Myanmar". United States Geological Survey. September 12, 1946. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  93. "M 5.4 – Namibia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  94. "7.9 magnitude earthquake near Tadine, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia : August 09, 1901 13:01". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  95. "M 6.8 – North Korea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  96. "M 6.6 – Macedonia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  97. "7.7 magnitude earthquake near Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands : July 29, 2016 21:18". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  98. "M 6.8 – 89 km NW of Olonkinbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  99. "7.8 magnitude earthquake near Melekeok Village, Melekeok, Palau : August 16, 1911 22:41". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  100. "Panama earthquake".
  101. "6.5 magnitude earthquake near General Enrique Mosconi, Formosa, Argentina and Asunción, Paraguay : February 28, 1989 13:01". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  102. 01:20:22 (UTC), 6 August 1983 "Earthquake Hazards Program: M5.8 – Poland". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
  103. "The Largest Earthquakes in Réunion". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  104. "The Largest Earthquakes in Rwanda". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  105. "M 5.5 – 87km ENE of Santo Antonio, Sao Tome and Principe". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  106. "M 5.8 – Serbia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  107. "M 5.2 – South Indian Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov.
  108. "Najvýznamnejšie zemetrasenia v histórii s epicentrom na území dnešného Slovenska". vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  109. "5.6 magnitude earthquake near Berbera, Woqooyi Galbeed, Somalia and Sanaa, Yemen : July 03, 1951 18:15". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  110. "M 8.1 - South Sandwich Islands region". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS–ANSS. 1929. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  111. "M 6.2 - 136 km ENE of Sokcho, South Korea". earthquake.usgs.gov.
  112. Girdler, R. W.; McConnell, D. A. (April 1, 1994). "The 1990 to 1991 Sudan earthquake sequence and the extent of the East african rift system". Science. 264 (5155): 67–70. Bibcode:1994Sci...264...67G. doi:10.1126/science.264.5155.67. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17778134. S2CID 41405033.
  113. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  114. "M 5.9 – 275 km E of Kalmunai, Sri Lanka". August 30, 1973.
  115. USGS. "M 4.9 – 3km E of Kiruna, Sweden". United States Geological Survey.
  116. "8.2 magnitude earthquake near Hualian, Taiwan, Taiwan and Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan : June 05, 1920 04:21". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  117. "The Largest Earthquakes in Tanzania". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  118. "8.1 magnitude earthquake near Neiafu, Vava'u, Tonga : April 30, 1919 07:17". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  119. "M 6.7 – Tobago region, Trinidad and Tobago". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  120. "The April 1997 Earthquakes". ttweathercenter.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  121. "M 5.5 – Tunisia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  122. "The Largest Earthquakes in Uganda". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  123. "M 7.0 – western Uzbekistan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  124. "The Largest Earthquakes in Vanuatu". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  125. "M 7.6 – Wallis and Futuna". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  126. "M 6.6 – Yemen". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  127. "The Largest Earthquakes in Zambia". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  128. "M 5.5 – Zimbabwe". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  129. Zhang, Bo. "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History". AccuWeather.com. News & Video. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  130. Victoria Kim (March 21, 2011). "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  131. Tierney, Kathleen (1997). Emergency response: lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center.
  132. "Significant Earthquake". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  133. "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  134. Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-19-984193-6.
  135. "Where can I learn more about the 1906 Earthquake?". Berkeley Seismological Lab. December 11, 2011.
  136. "Significant Earthquakes Full Search, sort by $Millions Damage, Date". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  137. "New Zealand Earthquake Report". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission and GNS Science. February 22, 2011. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
  138. "Christchurch rebuild to cost $10b more". 3 News NZ. April 28, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  139. "Significant Earthquake". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  140. "Events and Developments (P. 3, "Calendar of events 2010: February 27")" (PDF). Yearbook. UNEP. 2011.
  141. "Tangshan | gemecd". gemecd.org. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
  142. Krishnan, Unni; Mehrotra, Kartikay (April 28, 2015). "Nepal Says Earthquake Rebuilding Cost to Exceed $10 Billion". Bloomberg News.
  143. "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  144. International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). ISBN 90-6191-664-X.
  145. "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". xinhuanet.com.
  146. "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". USGS. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  147. Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-56806-371-7
  148. Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  149. Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawchech, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (June 2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3): 347–435. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  150. National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  151. Grǖnthal G.; Wahlström R. (2009). "A harmonized seismicity data base for the EuroMediterranean region" (PDF). Proceedings of the 27th ECGS Workshop 'Seismicity Patterns in the Euro-Med Region: 15–21.
  152. Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
  153. Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010 (January 11, 2011), U.S. Geological Survey.
  154. Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute], Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
  155. Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll (June 1, 2011), BBC.
  156. "china virtual museums_quake". www.kepu.net.cn. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  157. Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
  158. Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
  159. Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  160. The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  161. "Today in Earthquake History". usgs.gov.
  162. Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
  163. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved October 29, 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.