List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states by year
List of sovereign states in 1889 Events of 1890 List of sovereign states in 1891

Sovereign states
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

 Abuja - Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja		 Widely recognized independent state.
Acre – Republic of Acre (from July 14, 1899)
Capital: Cidade do Acre		 De facto independent state.[1]
 Agadez - Tenere Sultanate of Aïr
Capital: Agadez		 Widely recognized independent state.[2]
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized independent state.[3]
 Angoche - Angoche Sultanate
Capital: Angoche		 Widely recognized independent state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole (to June 30, 1896)
Capital: Mbarara		 Widely recognized independent state.[4]
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires		 Widely recognized independent state.[5]
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union[6]
Capital: Kumasi		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)		 Widely recognized independent state.[7]

B

  Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi (to September 20, 1897)
Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897)		 Widely recognized independent state.[8]
Bali - Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland (to 1899)
Capital: Mongu		 Unrecognized independent state.
 Beihan – Emirate of Beihan
Capital: Suq Abdulla		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Benin – Benin Empire (to February 18, 1897)
Capital: Edo		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Biu - Biu Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Biu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)		 Widely recognized independent state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora (to September 21, 1895)
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape		 Widely recognized independent state.
Bornu – Bornu Empire (to 1893)
Capital: Ngazargamu		 Widely recognized independent state.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Widely recognized independent state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 1]
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894)
Capital: Mengo, Uganda		 Widely recognized independent state.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia		 De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899)
Capital: Hoima		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi (to July 1, 1890)
Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura		 Widely recognized independent state.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe		 Widely recognized independent state.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Central America
Capital: Amapala
  • Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1895 to November 1, 1898)
  • United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)
 Widely recognized independent state. Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899)
Capital: Champasak		 Widely recognized independent state. Vassal of Siam.
 Chile – Republic of Chile
Capital: Santiago		 Widely recognized independent state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogota		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Congo – Congo Free State
Capital: Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo		 Widely recognized independent state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose		 Widely recognized independent state.
Crete – Cretan State (from December 9, 1898)
Capital: Chania		 Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba (to April 4, 1899)
Capital: Havana		 Widely recognized independent state.

D

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey (to January 20, 1894)
Capital: Abomey		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Dendi - Dendi Kingdom
Capital: Lulami		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized independent state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo		 Widely recognized independent state.

E

 Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito		 Widely recognized independent state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: San Salvador		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa		 Widely recognized independent state.

F

France – French Republic
Capital: Paris		 Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896)
Capital: Timbo		 Widely recognized independent state.

G

 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Germany – German Empire
Capital: Berlin		 Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens		 Widely recognized independent state.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo		 Widely recognized independent state.

H
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince		 Widely recognized independent state.
Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Widely recognized independent state.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Tegucigalpa		 Widely recognized independent state.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895)
Capital: Huahine		 Widely recognized independent state.

I
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome		 Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

J
 Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero (to 1894)
Capital: Fofa		 Widely recognized independent state.
Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City		 Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

K
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897)
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha		 Widely recognized independent state.
Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai		 Vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898)
Capital: Sikasso		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Kong		 Widely recognized independent state.
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo		 Widely recognized independent state. Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
→ Korea
Capital: Hanseong 		Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896)
Capital: Grand Cape Mount		 Widely recognized independent state.

L
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia		 Widely recognized independent state.
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891)
Capital: Saqqa		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City		 Widely recognized independent state.

M
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898)
Capital: Kuta Watu		 Widely recognized independent state.
Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898)
Capital: Omdurman		 Unrecognized state.
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891)
Capital: Imphal		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo		 Widely recognized independent state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897)
Capital: Antananarivo		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Rabat		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896)
Capital: Multiple capitals		 Widely recognized independent state.

N
Negeri Sembilan (to 1895)
Capital: Seremban		 Widely recognized independent state to 1895. Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam		 Widely recognized independent state.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Managua		 Widely recognized independent state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898)
Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania		 Widely recognized independent state. In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899

O

P
  •  Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
  • → Persia – Sublime State of Persia
  •  Peru – Peruvian Republic
  • Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal

R

S
  • Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
  •  San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
  •  Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
  •  Siam – Kingdom of Siam
  • Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
  • Spain – Kingdom of Spain
  • Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
  •  Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden (in personal union with Norway)
  •   Switzerland – Swiss Confederation

T
  •  Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
  •  Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890)
  •  Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891)
  •  Transvaal – South African Republic
  •  Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Empire

U

V

W

Y
  •  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891)

Z
  •   Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897)
  •   Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898)

States claiming sovereignty
  • Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
  • Biak-na-Bato – Philippine Republic (from November 1 to December 15, 1897)
  • Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891)
  • Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895)
  • Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890)
  • Lado – Lado District
  • Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898)
  • Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894)
  • Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897)
  • Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895)

Notes
  1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References
  1. "Acre and its Robber; Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic. The Conflicting Interests of Brazil and Bolivia -- Millions Involved -- Population Not Over 10,000". The New York Times. 1900-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  2. James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  3. "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17
  4. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  5. "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19
  6. "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  8. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
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