List of wars involving Hungary

• The Hungarians were in alliance with Krum of Bulgaria against Emperor Nikephoros.[1]

• Between 899–970, according to contemporary sources, the researchers count 47 (38 to West and 9 to East)[2] raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 were unsuccessful and the others ended with success.[3]
• Many tributes were paid to the Hungarians.
• Many times the rulers of Europe hired the Hungarian warriors against each other.
• The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured their lands in 907, prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not attack Hungarian land until 1030.
• The Hungarians also used a preemptive war against the Germans and the German unification.
• A Hungarian army was defeated in German land at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. Seven years later Otto I was rewarded for stopping the Hungarians and he was crowned Emperor by Pope John XII in 962 and the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) was established.[2]
• The Hungarian military presence stabilized the Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin.

• Berengar I of Italy accepts to pay tribute.

• Battle of Laibach

• Both sides suffered a heavy casualties at the Battle of Laibach, Duke Eberhard and Duke Gottfried died.
• After the battle, Hungarian raid to Carinthia, Carniola, Styria.

• Battle of Ennsburg
• Battle of Regensburg
• Battle of Lengenfeld

Battle of Pressburg (painting by Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger, 1850)

• After the Battle of Pressburg the victorious Hungarians defeated other Bavarian armies at Ennsburg, Regensburg, Lengenfeld...

• The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured the lands they gained during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, and prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not attack Hungary until 1030.
• This battle is considered one of the most significant battles in the history of Hungary. The Hungarian victory forced the new Bavarian prince, Luitpold's son, Arnulf to conclude a peace treaty, the prince recognized the loss of Pannonia and Ostmark, pushing Hungary's borders deep in Bavarian territory, the river Enns became borderline, paid tribute, and agreed to let the Hungarian armies, which went to war against Germany or other countries in Western Europe, to pass through the duchies lands.
• The establishment of the future Kingdom of Hungary.

• After this victory the Hungarian campaigns against the German duchies continued until 910, the battles of Augsburg and Rednitz, ended with disastrous German defeats, after which the German king Louis the Child concluded peace with the Principality of Hungary, accepting to pay tribute to the latter, and recognizing the Hungarian territorial gains during the war.[2]

• Hungarian troops are helping Simeon I of Bulgaria to defeat the Byzantines in the great Battle of Acheloos.

• Despite the German victory, the German losses were heavy, among them many nobles: Conrad, Duke of Lorraine, etc.[4]
• Bulcsú, Lehel, and Sur are hanged in Regensburg.[5]

• Upon destruction of the Hungarian forces, the German army proclaimed Otto I father of the fatherland and emperor.[6] In 962, on the strength of this, Otto I went to Rome and had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII.[7]
• End of the Hungarian invasions towards the West.

• Hungarian leader named Kisa was defeated by Časlav, the Prince of Serbia.

• A Hungarian army defeated Časlav, the Prince of Serbia by avenge of the widow of Kisa.

Kievan Rus'
First Bulgarian Empire
Pechenegs

• End of the Hungarian invasions of Europe.

• Battle of the River Bug

• The Hungarians occupied Vienna[8].

• Battle of Ménfő

• 1051
• 1052

• Battle of Vértes
• Siege of Pressburg

• Battle of Moson

• Battle of Kerlés / Battle of Cserhalom

Saint Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

• Battle of Mogyoród

• 1097

• Battle of Gvozd Mountain

• King Coloman created a personal union between the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia (1102–1918).

Iaroslav from Vladimir

Byzantine Empire

• Military balance maintained.

• The Hungarian auxiliary troops were commanded by Palatine Ampud, and Leustach Rátót, Voivode of Transylvania sent by King Béla III of Hungary to fight along the Byzantines against the Seljuks.

• Main Seljuk army routed.
• Sultanate of Rum's capital city sacked.

• Géza, Prince of Hungary, the younger brother of King Béla III joined by a contingent of 2,000 men to Frederick Barbarossa to participate in the Third Crusade.
• About 5,000 Imperials and Hungarians under Duke Frederick joined the Siege of Acre in October.

Bosnia

• Battle of Bethsaida

King Andrew II at the head of his crusader army (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

• Battle of Isaszeg

• Death of Ottokar II of Bohemia. Rudolph I of Habsburg got the Austrian throne.
• The battle marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe.

• Battle of Lake Hód

• Battle of Rozgony

• The Golden Horde was pushed back behind the Dniester River, the Golden Horde's control of the lands between the Eastern Carpathians and the Black Sea weakened.
• The establishment of Moldavia in 1346 as a Hungarian vassal state.

 Padua
Republic of Genoa
Duchy of Austria

• Moldavia became a Hungarian vassal.
• King Sigismund of Hungary occupied Suceava the capital of Stephen I of Moldavia.

• King Sigismund of Hungary had experince fighting with the Ottomans, but the French knights refused his battle plan. The French knights rushed to the Ottoman lines, while the other allies stayed with the Hungarian forces under King Sigismund, this caused confusion and divided the strenght of the Crusader army.

• Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s.
• Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe.
• Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire.

• Battle of Dobor

• King Sigismund achieved a decisive victory over Tvrtko II of Bosnia, 126 members of Bosnian nobility were massacred.

• King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon as a celebration of the reoccupation of Bosnia and Dalmatia when he married Barbara of Cilli.

• John Hunyadi and his 15,000 men defeated the 80,000-strong army of Begler Bey Sehabeddin at Zajkány (Zeicani), near the Iron Gate of the Danube river.

• Hunyadi gained a huge booty. He put lots of treasures and weapons on a wagon that ten horses could hardly pull and sent it to King Vladislaus I of Hungary to Buda.

• Vladislaus I of Hungary, the young king, ignoring Hunyadi's advice, rushed 500 of his Polish knights against the Ottoman center. They attempted to overrun the Janissary infantry and take Murad II prisoner, and almost succeeded, but in front of Murad's tent Vladislaus's horse either fell, and the king was slain.
• Murad's casualties at Varna were so heavy, it was not until three days later that he realized he was victorious.
• The Ottoman victory in Varna, followed by the Ottoman victory in the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, deterred the European states from sending any substantial military assistance to the Byzantines during the Ottoman Siege of Constantinople in 1453.

• John Hunyadi deprived Vlad II Dracul from the Wallachian throne, because Vlad II Dracul captured John Hunyadi after the Battle of Varna.

• John Hunyadi placed Vladislav II on the throne of Wallachia.
• John Hunyadi also drove a small Ottoman army out of Wallachia.

• The Siege of Belgrade was a major issue for the entire Europe, especially after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The fall of the fortress city of Belgrade would have opened the gates of Europe to the Turks and that would have certainly changed the history of the world.
• The Battle of Belgrade deserves to be remembered. Hungarians played a key role in the defense of Europe against the invasion of the Turks in the 15th century.
• Pope Callixtus III ordered the bells of every European church to be rung every day at noon, as a call for believers to pray for the defenders of the city. But because in many European countries the news of victory arrived before the Pope’s order for prayer, the ringing of the church bells was believed to be in celebration of the victory. Therefore, the significance of the church bells ringing is now the commemoration of Hunyadi’s victory against the Turks.
• Plague broke out in the camp, from which John Hunyadi himself died three weeks later.

• The Ottomans lured the small advancing army of Michael Szilágyi into a trap at Pojejena. Michael Szilágyi was being captured by Ali Bey Mihaloğlu. Michael Szilágyi was transferred to Constantinople, he was decapitated by the orders of the Sultan.

• Battle of Baia / Moldvabánya

• At the end of the campaign, Hungary controlled all of Upper Austria as well, which remained under the control of King Matthias until his death, in 1490.

• The Black Army captures Vienna

• City surrender.

• Austria ceded the western lands of Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia to the Kingdom of Hungary.

• Decisive downward turning point in Hungarian history.
• Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary as an independent and powerful European nation.
• The territory of Hungary was split into two parts in 1529 and into three parts in 1541.
• Around two hundred years of constant warfare with and between two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, turned Hungary into a perpetual battlefield. The countryside was regularly ravaged by armies moving back and forth devastating the population.