Democratic Party of Korea

The Democratic Party of Korea[32] (Korean: 더불어민주당; Hanja: 더불어民主黨; RR: Deobureominjudang; lit. Together Democratic Party; short form 민주, 더민주 Minju, Deominju, known as "Minjudang" 민주당 in South Korean media since 2016),[33] formerly the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD),[34] is a political party in South Korea. It is English abbreviation is DPK.

"Minjoo" redirects here. For the other parties, see Minjudang. For the given name, see Min-ju.
Democratic Party of Korea
더불어민주당
President of South KoreaMoon Jae-in
LeaderSong Young-gil
Floor leaderYun Ho-jung
Secretary-GeneralYoun Kwan-suk
Chair of the
Policy Planning Committee		Park Wan-joo
Founded26 March 2014 (as New Politics Alliance for Democracy)
28 December 2015 (as Democratic Party)
Merger ofMinjoo Party
Platform Party
Preceded byDemocratic Party
New Politics Alliance
Headquarters7, Gukhoe-daero 68-gil, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul
Think tankThe Institute for Democracy
Youth wingDemocratic Party of Youth
Membership (2019)4,065,408[1]
IdeologyLiberalism (South Korea)[A]
Factions:
Conservative liberalism[2][8]
Social liberalism[9][10]
Social conservatism[17][18]
Left-wing populism[19][20][21]
Political positionCentre to centre-left
(with centre-right factions)[A]
Colours  Blue (Democratic)[22]
  Blue (NPAD)[N 1][23]
Seats in the National Assembly
169 / 300
Metropolitan Mayors and Governors
10 / 17
Municipal Mayors
151 / 226
Seats within local government
1,565 / 2,927
Website
theminjoo.kr
^ A: DPK is recognized as a centre-left party because of its history of confrontation with major conservative forces in South Korea, including PPP, and media outlets sometimes call it "social-liberal",[27] but "social-liberal" is not an official or consistent ideology,[30] and some South Korean media and DPK politicians describe DPK's political line as "conservative-liberal", "conservative" or "centre-right".[31]

Democratic Party of Korea
Hangul
더불어민주당
Hanja
더불어民主黨[N 2]
Revised RomanizationDeobureominjudang
McCune–ReischauerTŏburŏminjudang
New Politics Alliance for Democracy
Hangul
새정치민주연합
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSaejeongchi Minju Yeonhap
McCune–ReischauerSaechŏngch'i Minju Yŏnhap
Headquarters of the Democratic Party

The party was founded on 26 March 2014 as a merger of the Democratic Party and the preparatory committee of the New Political Vision Party (NPVP). The former Democratic Party was legally absorbed into the NPAD after the latter's creation, while the preparatory committee of the NPVP was dissolved, with members who supported the merger joining the NPAD individually.

History

Formation and Ahn–Kim leadership (March–July 2014)
Logo of the NPAD (2014–2015)

The Democratic Party was formed as the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (새정치민주연합; Saejeongchi Minju Yeonhap) on 26 March 2014 after the independent faction led by Ahn Cheol-soo, then in the process of forming a party called the New Political Vision Party, merged with the main opposition Democratic Party, led by Kim Han-gil. Ahn and Kim became joint leaders of the new party.[35] The party performed poorly in by-elections that July, however, and both leaders stepped down, having served for three months. Leadership of the party was assumed by an emergency committee.[36]

Ahn–Moon split (2015–16)

The next year, at a party convention on 7 February, Moon Jae-in was elected the new chairman of the party.[37] Moon, who had previously served as chief of staff for former president Roh Moo-hyun,[37] was the leader of the party's "pro-Roh" faction, which was opposed to Ahn and Kim. Moon came under fire for imposing a "pro-Roh hegemony" in the party, as Ahn and Kim were jeered and harassed at a memorial service for Roh held in May 2015.[38]

The party hemorrhaged support as the factional conflict intensified, falling from around 40 to 30 percent in opinion polls.[39] A survey conducted on 12–14 November showed that supporters of the party wanted Ahn and Seoul mayor Park Won-soon to assume the leadership alongside Moon.[40] On 29 November, Ahn rejected a proposal from Moon to establish a joint leadership,[41] and the next month he presented Moon with an ultimatum, demanding that he would call a convention to elect a new party leader. Moon rejected the demand,[42] and Ahn left the party.[43]

Ahn was followed by a number of supportive NPAD assembly members, including his former co-leader Kim Han-gil,[44] and the group began preparations to form a new party.[45] On 12 January, Kwon Rho-kap, a former aide of President Kim Dae-jung and a popular figure in the party's traditional stronghold of Honam, also exited the party, similarly citing Moon's "pro-Roh hegemony".[46] Meanwhile, Ahn and Kim merged their group with that of another defector from the NPAD, Chun Jung-bae, to form the People's Party.[47]

Following the defections, the NPAD was renamed the Democratic Party of Korea on 27 December 2015, and Moon resigned on 27 January 2016.[48] Moon handed power to Kim Chong-in, an academic and former assemblyman who had more recently served as economic advisor to conservative President Park Geun-hye.[49][50] Kim was seen as an unexpected choice, as he had previously worked for the right-wing Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo administrations in the 1980s,[51] serving as an assembly member for the ruling Democratic Justice Party and as health and welfare minister under Roh.[52]

Under Kim Chong-in (January–August 2016)

Kim Chong-in viewed the pro–Roh Moo-hyun faction and what he considered the extremist wing of the party as responsible for the party's troubles, and pledged to diminish their influence.[53] In the lead-up to the 2016 parliamentary election he moved against key members of the pro-Roh faction in the nominations process, deselecting Lee Hae-chan, who had been Prime Minister under Roh and was now chairman of the Roh Moo-hyun Foundation.[54] Lee left the party in response.[53] Kim's moves proved controversial, and many of his nominations for the party's proportional representation list were rejected by the rest of the party leadership, while favored candidates of Moon were ranked near the top of the approved list. Kim offered to resign in March, but decided to stay on as leader after a personal visit from Moon.[55] Kim affirmed that he would continue to attempt to change the party's image, stating that the events had shown the party was "still unable to move on from its old ways".[49]

2016 legislative election victory
See also: 2016 South Korean legislative election

Though losing votes to the People's Party formed by Ahn, Chun and Kim Han-gil—particularly in Honam[39]—the party emerged as the overall winner of the election, garnering a plurality of seats (123 seats) in the National Assembly with a margin of one seat over the Saenuri Party. Lee Hae-chan returned to the Assembly as an independent representing Sejong City. Following its election victory, Kim Chong-in announced that the Minjoo Party would change its emphasis from welfare to economic growth and structural reform. Kim stated that the party would also change its position to support the establishment of for-profit hospitals, in contrast to the party's earlier opposition to the policy.[56]

Under Choo Mi-ae (August 2016–August 2018)
President of South Korea, Moon Jae-in (2017–present)

2017 presidential election victory
See also: 2017 South Korean presidential election

After the constitutional court impeached President Park Geun-hye over bribery, the Democratic Party's Moon Jae-in won the presidential election with a 41.1% plurality of the votes, with Hong Joon-pyo of Liberty Korea coming second with 24%.

2018 local elections victory
See also: 2018 South Korean local elections

2020 legislative election victory
See also: 2020 South Korean legislative election

On April 15, 2020, Democratic party won far more votes than any other parties, and 176 candidates were elected. It took took 180 seats in the 300-member National Assembly with its allies. The main opposition United Future Party (UFP) won 103 seats.[57]

Under Lee Nak-yon (August 2020–March 2021)

On 9 March 2021, Lee Nak-yon resigned as the leader of the Democratic Party of Korea to run for 2022 South Korean presidential election.[58]

2021 by-elections

Following the major losses in the 2021 by-elections, party leadership was reorganized.[59] Do Jong-hwan became the interim party President.[59]

2022 presidential election

In October 2021, the Democratic Party nominated Lee Jae-myung as its nominee in the 2022 presidential election. Lee had beat other contenders such as former Democratic Party leaders Lee Nak-yon and Choo Mi-ae for the nomination.

Political position
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Democratic Party does not have a official and consistent ideology, but is generally described as a liberal party because of its historical position led by the South Korean democratization movement forces that resisted the anti-communist conservative military dictatorship.[60][61] In general, the Democratic Party's political position is considered centrist[62][63][64] or centre-left.[65][66][67] This party is sometimes described as a progressive party in contrast to conservatives, but it is not such a universal view and is referred to as a position between South Korea's "progressive" and "conservative".[68][69] DPK's key figures describe DPK as "centre-right" and "conservative". Some South Korean media have also described NPAD or DPK as a "centre-right party" or "conservative party".[3][4][5][6][7]

Economic policies

DPK supports the expansion of fiscal expenditures to gradually increase welfare, but there is in part an element of economic liberal (fiscal conservative).[28][29] The Party supports the market economy, but it also values the need for state intervention in the market.[70] The Party pledged in 2020 to implement a version of the Green New Deal to move South Korea to carbon neutrality by 2050.[71]

Labour policies

The Party takes a favorable stance on government intervention in the market, while keeping some distance from labour politics and labour movements. For this reason, labour have evaluated it as a (with the intention of distinguishing it from "liberal," which means centre-left politics in some countries) "conservative-liberal" party.[2]

Social policies

DPK's social position is inconsistent. DPK is generally classified as a liberal political party, but it is also influenced by Christian forces, so it has a some social conservative character. The Party was opposed to legislation on homosexuality and same-sex marriage during the 2018 local elections.[72] In addition, some Democratic politicians have taken a very conservative stance on some social issues.[12][73][74][18] However, DPK opposes discrimination against homosexuals themselves in a narrow sense, (not same-sex marriage,) and argues that they should be recognized as citizens with dignity.[72][75]

Many DPK politicians are friendly to the etiquette and Confucian traditions of Korean culture.[76][77] The Hankyoreh and Hankook Ilbo, South Korean socially liberal journalists, strongly criticized DPK for holding a discussion on the pros and cons of the anti-discrimination law and giving anti-LGBT the right to speak.[78][79]

DPK's policy in perspective rooted in Christianity are also criticized by other religious circles. In December 2021, the Moon Jae-in government launched a campaign to promote carol music in stores such as restaurants and cafes, and invested 1.2 billion won (10,000,000 U.S. dollars. As of 2021). The Buddhist community strongly protested, calling it a policy that gives preferential treatment to a specific religion.[80]

However, DPK is not socially conservative in every way. DPK's socially conservative (in issues related to LGBT or feminism) is mainly based on Christianity,[12] so it shows a moderate to relative liberal position on agendas related to right-wing Confucian socially conservatism. DPK contributed to the complete abolition of the law in 2021 advocating parents' corporal punishment for their children's corporal punishment. DPK also supports strengthening punishment for domestic violence.[81][82]

DPK negatively views South Korea's dog meat intake culture and has criticized it from the perspective of liberalism. President Moon Jae-in said he was even considering a legal ban on dog meat in September 2021.[83] DPK also actively supports the rights of vegetarians and vegan citizens.[84] In addition, DPK supports liberal reform on student rights issues.[85]

DPK is taking an ambiguous position that neither supports nor opposes the abolition of the National Security Act.[86]

Reunification of North and South Korea

The Party strongly supports the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and aims for peaceful relations with North Korea. The party also officially advocates increasing exchanges and cooperation with the North to create a foundation for reunification.[87] Some conservative media outlets criticize the Democratic Party lawmakers for being overly conciliatory toward North Korea.[88]

List of leaders

Current leadership
Supreme Committee of the Democratic Party of Korea[89]
Office Officer(s)
Leader of the Democratic Party Song Young-gil
Floor leader in the National Assembly Yun Ho-jung
Elected members Kim Yong-min, Kang Byung-won, Back Hye-ryun, Kim Young-bae, Jun Hye-sook

Leaders
  • Note: ERC - as head of Emergency Response Committee
No. Name Photo Term of office Election results
Took office Left office
1 Co-leadership
Kim Han-gil   Ahn Cheol-soo
(resigned)		 26 March 2014 31 July 2014 no election
— Park Young-sun
(ERC)		 4 August 2014 18 September 2014 appointed
— Moon Hee-sang
(ERC)		 18 September 2014 9 February 2015 appointed
2 Moon Jae-in
(resigned)		 9 February 2015 27 January 2016
Moon Jae-in – 45.3%
Park Jie-won – 41.8%
Lee In-young – 12.9%
— Kim Chong-in
(ERC)		 27 January 2016 27 August 2016 appointed
3 Choo Mi-ae 27 August 2016 25 August 2018
Choo Mi-ae – 54.03%
Lee Jong-kul – 23.89%
Kim Sang-gon – 22.08%
4 Lee Hae-chan 25 August 2018 29 August 2020
Lee Hae-chan – 42.88%
Song Young-gil – 30.73%
Kim Jin-pyo – 26.39%
5 Lee Nak-yon 29 August 2020 9 March 2021
Lee Nak-yon – 60.77%
Kim Boo-kyum – 21.37%
Park Joo-min – 17.85%
— Kim Tae-nyeon
(acting)		 9 March 2021 8 April 2021 succeeded
— Do Jong-hwan
(ERC)		 8 April 2021 16 April 2021 appointed
— Yun Ho-jung
(ERC)		 16 April 2021 2 May 2021 succeeded
6 Song Young-gil 2 May 2021 incumbent elected

Floor leaders
No. Name Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Jun Byung-hun 26 March 2014 7 May 2014
2 Park Young-sun 7 May 2014 2 October 2014
— Kim Yung-rok
(acting)		 2 October 2014 8 October 2014
3 Woo Yoon-keun 8 October 2014 6 May 2015
4 Lee Jong-kul 6 May 2015 4 May 2016
5 Woo Sang-ho 4 May 2016 16 May 2017
6 Woo Won-shik 16 May 2017 11 May 2018
7 Hong Young-pyo 11 May 2018 8 May 2019
8 Lee In-young 8 May 2019 7 May 2020
9 Kim Tae-nyeon 7 May 2020 8 April 2021
10 Yun Ho-jung 16 April 2021 incumbent

Secretary-General
No. Name Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Ahn Gyu-back 27 August 2016 16 May 2017
2 Lee Choon-suak 16 May 2017 3 September 2018
3 Yun Ho-jung 3 September 2018 31 August 2020
4 Park Kwang-on 31 August 2020 4 May 2021
5 Youn Kwan-suk 4 May 2021 incumbent

Election results

Presidential elections
Election Candidate Total votes Share of votes Outcome
2017 Moon Jae-in 13,423,800 41.1% elected Y

General elections
Election Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Status Election leader
2016
123 / 300
 6,069,744 25.5% 4 seats; Plurality Opposition Kim Chong-in
2020
180 / 300
 9,307,112 33.4% 57 seats; Majority Governing Lee Hae-chan

Local elections
Election Metropolitan mayor/Governor Provincial legislature Municipal mayor Municipal legislature Election leader
2014
9 / 17
349 / 789
78 / 226
1,157 / 2,898
 Kim Han-gil
Ahn Cheol-soo
2018
14 / 17
652 / 824
151 / 226
1,638 / 2,927
 Choo Mi-ae

By-elections
Election Metropolitan mayor/Governor Municipal mayor Provincial legislecture Municipal legislature Election leader
2021
0 / 2
0 / 2
2 / 8
2 / 9
 Kim Tae-nyeon

See also

Footnotes
  1. Officially described as "sea blue" (바다파랑) by the party.
  2. 共同民主黨, 共に民主党 or other variants are translated names in Chinese and Japanese.

References
  1. National Election Commission. "2019년도 정당의 활동개황 및 회계보고" (in Korean).
  2. "'더불어민주당 2중대'로서 정의당" [The Justice Party, which became the "second party of the Democratic Party of Korea".]. 매일노동뉴스. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ... 집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다. 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다. 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나, 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다. [... Housing prices rose, unearned income overflowed, and the gap between the rich and the poor widened. labour reform is also a mess. Although there is a negative factor called COVID-19, it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party, the Democratic Party of Korea.]
  3. "이해찬 "민주당 진보적인 당 아니다…중도 우파 정도"" [Lee Hae-chan said, "The Democratic Party is not a progressive party. It's centre-right party"]. JoongAng Ilbo. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  4. "이재명 "보수 가치 제대로 서는 나라 만들고 싶어"" [Lee Jae-myung said "I want to create a country where conservative values are properly established".]. Yonhap News Agency. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  5. "'중도보수' 표방 새정치연합, '세모녀 법'등 민생정치도 '흔들'" [People's livelihood politics such as the NPAD, which advocates 'moderate conservatism', and the "three-mother-daughter law" shake.]. 참세상. 31 March 2014.
  6. "실제 '중도 우파' 더불어민주당이 극좌파로 몰리는 대한민국 현실" [The reality of Korea, where the Democratic Party of Korea, which is actually "centre-right", is flocking to the extreme left.]. 뉴스프리존. 4 April 2019.
  7. "'"부동산 규제 풀자" "노동유연성 확대"… 여기 민주당 맞나요" ["Let's lift real estate regulations.", "Expanding labor flexibility." Is this the Democratic Party?]. 서울신문. 6 May 2020. 더불어민주당이 21대 총선에서 163석의 '슈퍼 여당'으로 몸집을 키우면서 내부에서는 보수적 색채가 점차 번져 가고 있다. [As the Democratic Party of Korea has grown into a 163-seat "super ruling party" in the 21st general elections, conservative colors are gradually deepening inside.]
  8. [3][4][5][6][7]
  9. "권인숙 "차별금지법은 절대 합의 사안 아니다"" [Kwon In-sook said, "The anti-discrimination law is never an agreement matter."]. 미디어스. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ... 권인숙 더불어민주당 인권위원장은 “차별금지법 제정은 국민적 합의가 필요한 사안이 절대 아니고 우리의 결단이 필요한 것”이라고 말했다. [... Kwon In-sook, chairman of the Democratic Party of Korea's Human Rights Commission, said, "The enactment of the anti-discrimination law is not an issue that requires national consensus, but requires our decision."]
  10. ""동성애 반대하죠" 文 발언 그후···차별금지법 딜레마 빠진 與" [After Moon Jae In said that he opposes homosexuality... The (liberal) ruling party in a dilemma in enacting the anti-discrimination law.]. JoongAng Ilbo. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. 더불어민주당에서는 비례대표인 권인숙·이동주 의원이 공동 발의자로 나섰다. ... 하지만 민주당의 전체적인 기류는 여전히 소극적이다. [In the Democratic Party of Korea, proportional representatives Kwon In-sook and Lee Dong-joo have co-proposed (the Anti-Discrimination Act). ... However, the overall atmosphere of the Democratic Party is still passive]
  11. "How religion spurs homophobia in South Korean politics". Nikkei Asia. 26 March 2021.
  12. "South Korea After Park". Jacobin magazine. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ... At the same time, however, he belongs to the Catholic Church and holds some socially conservative views. When asked during a debate about the military’s persecution of gay soldiers, Moon responded that he opposed homosexuality in general.
  13. "The politics of homophobia in South Korea". East Asia Forum. 4 July 2016.
  14. Steger, Isabella. "Being a progressive politician in Korea doesn't stop you from being homophobic". Quartz. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  15. ""중증장애인 삶은 늘 코로나 재난" 거리로 나온 장애인들 (Disabled people who have taken to the streets "Life with severe disabilities is always a disaster like COVID-19")" (in Korean). 이데일리. 4 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  16. "'성소수자 차별·낙태 금지' 수호자가 대한민국 총리라니요 (The Guardian of the Prohibition of Discrimination and Abortion in LGBT is the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea?)" (in Korean). OhmyNews. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.}}
  17. [11][12][13][14][15][16]
  18. ""광기 페미니즘" 글 공유한 이재명…이대남 잡고 페미 손절?" [Lee Jaemyeong, who shared a message saying "crazy feminism"... This antagonizing feminism in partnership with a man in 20s?]. JoongAng Ilbo. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ‘페미니즘과 거리를 둬야 한다’는 취지의 글을 이 후보가 공유한 건 이번이 처음이 아니다. 앞서 지난 8일에는 중앙선대위 회의 직후 참석자들에게 ‘2030 남자들이 펨코에 모여서 홍(홍준표)을 지지한 이유’라는 온라인 커뮤니티 글을 함께 읽어보자며 내용을 프린트해서 배포했다.
  19. "After Choi-gate". Jacobin magazine. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2021. This allows a populist figure like Lee Jae-myung, mayor of wealthy satellite city Seongnam, to be presented as a progressive presidential candidate, simply because he instituted a minor basic income program and has directly called for President Park’s imprisonment.
  20. Shin, Hyonhee (14 September 2021). "'S.Korea's Bernie Sanders' tops presidential polls with talk of universal basic income". Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  21. "이재명 "청년 위해 필요하다면 기꺼이 포퓰리즘"" [Lee Jae-myung said "If necessary, I will be a populist for young people."]. 아시아투데이. 7 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  22. Democratic Party of Korea. "더불어민주당 로고(Logo of the Democratic Party of Korea)" (in Korean).
  23. Park, Cheoljoong (16 March 2014). 바다파랑 '새정치민주연합', 썩지 않는 바다처럼 (in Korean). News1. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  24. JUNHYOUNG LEE; JORGE TAMAMES (25 March 2020). "Lecciones de Corea del Sur". politicaexterior.com (in Spanish). El Partido de la Libertad de Corea (conservador) ha criticado al actual gobierno (del socio-liberal Partido Demócrata) por promover iniciativas en este ámbito.
  25. "South Korea ahead of legislative elections" (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. 7 April 2016. The social-liberal Minjoo Party of Korea (MPK, Together Democratic Party) is the main opposition force.
  26. "An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition". The Diplomat. 31 December 2015. South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on December 13.
  27. [24][25][26]
  28. "'"부동산 규제 풀자" "노동유연성 확대"… 여기 민주당 맞나요" ["Let's lift real estate regulations.", "Expanding labor flexibility." Is this the Democratic Party?]. 서울신문. 6 May 2020. 더불어민주당이 21대 총선에서 163석의 '슈퍼 여당'으로 몸집을 키우면서 내부에서는 보수적 색채가 점차 번져 가고 있다. (As the Democratic Party of Korea has grown into a 163-seat "super ruling party" in the 21st general elections, conservative colors are gradually deepening inside.)
  29. "이재명 "관료적 규제 없애야...내가 친기업 1등"" [Lee Jae-myeong said, "We need to get rid of bureaucratic regulations ... I'm the number 1 pro-business".]. 머니투데이. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. 이 후보는 이날 서울 중구 대한상공회의소에서 최태원 대한상의 회장과 만나 "창의와 혁신을 가로막는 관료적 규제는 축소하거나 없애야 하는 것"이라면서 "기업은 새로운 아이템 발굴이 자유롭게 이뤄질 수 있도록 해야한다"고 밝혔다. [Candidate Lee met with Choi Tae-won, chairman of the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry, at the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Jung-gu, Seoul, and said "Bureaucratic regulations that hinder creativity and innovation should be reduced or removed", "Companies should be free to discover new items".]
  30. [11][12][18][13][14][15][16][28][29]
  31. [2][3][4][5][6][7]
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