Hanson Formation

Hanson Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Sinemurian-Lower Pliensbachian
~
Hanson Formation; Stratigraphic range: Late Sinemurian-Lower Pliensbachian; ~
	The Hanson Formation is located on the Transantarctic Mountains
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Victoria Group
Sub-units	Three informal members
Underlies	Prebble Formation
Overlies	Falla Formation
Thickness	237.5 m (779 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, tuffite
Other	Climbing-ripple lamination, horizontal lamination, and accumulations of clay-gall rip-up clasts
Location
Coordinates	84.3°S 166.5°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	57.5°S 35.5°E
Region	Mount Kirkpatrick, Beardmore Glacier
Country	Antarctica
Type section
Named for	The Hanson Spur
Named by	David Elliot
	Hanson Formation (Antarctica)

The Hanson Formation (Also known as the Shafer Peak Formation) is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick and North Victoria Land, Antarctica. It is one of the few two major dinosaur-bearing rock groups found on the Antarctica to date; the other is the Snow Hill Island Formation and related formations from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. The formation has yielded only a handful of Mesozoic specimens so far and most of it is as yet unexcavated. Part of the Victoria Group of the Transantarctic Mountains, it is below the Prebble Formation and above the Falla Formation.[1] The Formation is related to the Volcanic Activity Linked to the Karoo-Ferar eruptions on the Lower Jurassic.[2][3] The climate of the zone was similar to the modern Southern Chile, Humid, with a temperature interval of 17–18 degrees.[4] The Hanson Formation is correlated with the Section Peak Formation on Eisenhower Range and Deep Freeze Range, as well volcanic deposits on the Convoy Range and Ricker Hills of Southern Victoria Land.[1]

History

The Victoria Group (also called Beacon Supergroup) from the Central Transantarctic Mountains where defined by Ferrar in 1907, when he described the "Beacon Sandstone" on the sedimentary rocks on the Valleys of the Victoria Land.[5] Following this initial work, the term "Beacon System" was introduced to recover a series of similar Sandstones and associated deposits that where recovered locally.[6] Latter the "Beacon Sandstone Group" was put for those units on the Victoria Land, with Harrington in 1965 proposing the name for different units that appar on the Beacon Rocks on South Victoria Land, the beds below the Maya Erosion Surface, the Taylor Group and the Gondwana Sequence, including the Victoria Group.[7] This work left out several older units, such as the Permian Coal Measures and the Glacial deposits.[7] It was not until 1963 that there was an establishment of the Gondwana sequence, where the Falla Formation was named delimited for a 2300 ft (700 m) series of lower Quartz Sandstone, a medium Mica-Carbon Sandstone and an upper Sandstone-Shale Unit.[8] The "Upper Falla Formation" was then named, being exposed with considerable uncertainty about its age and the Prebble Formation (Tought it was calculated from the presence of Glossopteris-bearing beds (Early Permian) and the assumed possibility that the rocks were older than Dicroidium-bearing beds, thought to be Late Triassic, in the Dominion Range).[9] Other latter works tried to set it between the Late Triassic (Carnian) and the Lower-Middle Jurassic (Toarcian-Aalenian).[10] The Local Jurassic Sandstones were included on the Victoria Group, with the Beacon unit defined as a Supergroup in 1972, comprising beds overlying the pre-Devonian Kukri Erosion Surface to the Prebble Formation on the Central Transantarctic Mountains, and the Mawson Formation (And its unit then separated, the Carapace Sandstone) in Southern Victoria Land.[11] The Mawson Formation, identified at the beginning as indeterminate Tillite was placed on the Ferrar Group Latter.[12] Extensive fieldwork on the area of the Transantarctic Mountains were done later, which demonstrated the need for revisions to the post-Permian stratigraphy.[13] It was recovered that only 282 m of the 1963's upper 500 m of the Falla Formation correspond with the Sandstone/Shale sequence and that 200 m was composed by a volcaniclastic sequence.[13] It was then, that after this discovery several works ended describing new units on the location: the Fremouw Formation and Prebble Formation, being this last one introduced for a laharic unit, not seen in 1963, that occurs between the Falla Formation and the Kirkpatrick Basalt.[13][14] It was also recovered a complete record at Mount Falla, revelating the sequence from of events in the Transantarctic Mountains spanning the interval between the Upper Triassic Dicroidium-bearing beds and the Middle Jurassic tholeiitic lavas.[13] The upper part of the Falla Formation contains recognizable primary pyroclastic deposits, exemplified by resistant, laterally continuous silicic tuff beds, what led to consider this unit as a different formation, more after seeing that the change is related with erosion associated with tectonic activity that preceded or accompanied the silicic volcanism and marked the onset of the development of a volcano-tectonic rift system.[1]

The "Shafer Peak Formation" was named from genetically identical deposits from North Victoria Land (Concretely on Mt. Carson) in 2007 and correlated with the Hanson Formation, defined as tuffaceous deposits with silicic glass shards along with quartz and feldspar.[15] Later works however have found it to be just a continuantion of the Hanson Formation in NVL region.[16]

Description

The name Hanson Formation was proposed for the volcaniclastic sequence that was described on Barrett's 1969 Falla Formation essay.[13] The name was taken from the Hanson Spur, that lies immediately at the west of Mount Falla and is developed on the resistant tuff unit described below.[1]

Paleofauna

The first dinosaur to be discovered from the Hanson Formation was the predator Cryolophosaurus in 1991, which was then formally described in 1994. Alongside these dinosaur remains were fossilized trees, suggesting that plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward. Other finds from the formation include tritylodonts, herbivorous mammal-like reptiles and crow-sized pterosaurs. Surprisingly were the discovery of prosauropod remains, which were found commonly on other continents only until the Early Jurassic. However, the bone fragments found at the Hanson Formation were dated until the Middle Jurassic, millions of years later. In 2004, paleontologists discovered partial remains of a large sauropod dinosaur that has not formally been described yet.

Synapsida

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Tritylodontidae[17][18][19]	Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	FMNH PR1824, an isolated upper postcanine tooth.	A Cynodont, incertade sedis inside Tritylodontidae. It was found related with the Asian genus Bienotheroides.[18] Probably the largest member of the family, and among the largest post-triassic Synapsids, with a length over 1.6 m long, was probably robust as a modern Wolverine.[18]	Tritylodon, example of Tritylodontidae cynodont

Pterosauria

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Dimorphodontidae?[17][19][20]	Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Humerus	A pterosaur, possible member of the family Dimorphodontidae. Nearly the same size as YPM Dimorphodon. Its affinities haven't been compared, but its numeral morphotype is common for basal pterosaurs, like in Preondactylus or Arcticodactylus, so can be related to this genera.	Dimorphodon, example of Dimorphodontid Pterosaur

Ornithischia

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Ornithischia?[17][21][22][23]	Ornithischia? Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Vertebrae Femur Possible caudal vertebrae	A dinosaur, possible member of the Ornithischia Group. Described as a Newly discovered species, a four or five-foot ornithischian or bird-hipped dinosaur, is on its way back to the United States in about 5,000 pounds of rock.[22]	Eocursor, example of basal Ornithischian

Sauropodomorpha

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Glacialisaurus[24][17][22][23][25][19]	Glacialisaurus hammeri	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Partial right astragalus medial and lateral distal tarsals partial right metatarsus	A Sauropodomorph, member of the family Massospondylidae. It was found to be related with the genus Lufengosaurus of China.	Glacialisaurus Reconstruction
Massopoda[23][26]	Massopoda Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Nearly complete juvenile skeleton	A Sauropodomorph, incertade sedis inside Massopoda. Exposed on the Antarctic Dinosaur Exhibit of NHM of Los Angeles, like Sauropodomorph B. Is cited more derived than Sauropodomorph B., probably near sauropoda, but it was not considered a proper Sauropod.[26][27]
Anchisauria[23][26]	Anchisauria Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Several vertebrae Pelvic material	A Sauropodomorph, possible member of Anchisauria inside Massopoda. Exposed on the Antarctic Dinosaur Exhibit of NHM of Los Angeles.[26][27]	Inaccurate (Quadrupedal) restoration of Sauropodomorph B (Small) along with Glacialisaurus
Sauropoda[24][28][19][29]	Sauropoda Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Three metre-wide pelvis Ilium Vertebrae Limb elements.	A Sauropodomorph, incertade sedis inside Sauropoda. A possible Pulanesaura-grade Sauropod, less derived than Kotasaurus. The presence of Glacialisaurus in the Hanson Formation with advanced true sauropods shows that both primitive and advanced members of this lineage existed side by side in the early Jurassic Period.[24][28][25]

Theropoda

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Coelophysoidea?[30]	Coelophysoidea Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	FMNH PR1822, distal left femur	A Theropod, member of the family Coelophysoidea. It is on study. Was considered Glacialisaurus remains, although can be a genus similar to Coelophysis.[30]	FMNH PR1822, assigned to Glacialiasaurus
Coelophysidae?[31][32]	Coelophysidae Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Teeth	A Theropod, member of the family Coelophysidae. Were described as a "Halticosaurid teeth".	Coelophysis, example of Coelophysoid
Neotheropoda[31][32]	Neotheropoda Indeterminate	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Teeth	A Theropod, incertade sedis inside Neotheropoda. Described as "Dromeosaurid? teeth", it is probably either a Tachiraptor-grade averostra, a Coelophysis-like form, or can even be a basal Tetanuran.
Cryolophosaurus[20][33][17][19][27]	Cryolophosaurus ellioti	Mt. Kirkpatrick	Partial skull and partial postcranium.[34] Remains of a second specimen were collected in 2010[35] Juvenile teeth[36]	A Theropod, incertade sedis inside Neotheropoda, probably related with Averostra. Described as a possible Basal Tetanuran, subsequent studies have point relationships with Dilophosaurus from North America. It is the most know dinosaur found on the formation, and was probably the largest predator on the ecosystem.[17]	Mounted skeleton of Cryolophosaurus

Arthropoda

At SW Gair Mesa the basal layers of the overlying lacustrine series have yielded highly fragmented and thus unidentifiable arthropod cuticles. This layers represent a lake shore, and are characterised by the incredible preservation of some Arthropod remains.[37]

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Scoyenia[37]	Scoyenia isp.	Mount Carson Shafer Peak Suture Bench	Lower Hanson Formation	Burrows	Burrow Fossils on Lacustrine environment, probably done by Arthropods
Diplichnites[37]	Diplichnites isp.	Mount Carson Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Trace Fossils	Trace Fossils on Lacustrine environment, probably done by Arthropods (Arachnids or Myriapods)
Conchostraca[37]	Conchostraca Indeterminate (Various)	Mount Carson Shafer Peak Suture Bench SW Gair Mesa	Lower Hanson Formation Middle Hanson Formation	Isolated Valves	Numerous conchostracan remains, found associated with lagoonar deposits and major indicators of water bodies locally along Scoyenia burrows
Ostracoda[37]	Ostracoda Indeterminate (Various)	SW Gair Mesa	Middle Hanson Formation	Isolated Valves	Numerous Ostracodan remains, found associated with lagoonar deposits and major indicators of water bodies locally along Scoyenia burrows and conchostracans
Coleoptera[37]	Coleoptera Indeterminate (Various)	Mount Carson Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Isolated Elytron.	Indeterminate Beetle Remains
Blattidae[37]	Blattidae Indeterminate	SW Gair Mesa	Middle Hanson Formation	Complete specimen.	Uncertain Blattidae remains. Similar to the genus Periplaneta

Flora

Fossilized wood is also present in the Hanson Formation, near the stratigraphic level of the tritylodont locality. It has affinities with the Araucariaceae and similar kinds of conifers.[38] In the North Victoria Land Region, plant remains occur at the base of the lacustrine beds directly underlying the initial pillow lavas at the top of the sedimentary profile. Some of the layers of the Shafer Peak include remains of an in situ-stand gymnosperm trees:

At Mount Carson, at least 4 large tree trunks where found on a exposed beeding plane. The wood is coalified and only partially silicified, with the largest stem reaching a diameter of nearly 50 cm.[37]
In Suture Bench, Silidified Tree Trunks are found buried in situ along lava flows. Some specimens have several holes/tunnels less than 1 cm wide that may represent arthropod borings.[37]

Palynology

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Nevesisporites[39]	Nevesisporites vallatus	McLea Nunatak, Prince Albert Mountains Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with Bryophyta. Younger index taxa (e.g. Nevesisporites vallatus) are mostly absent and as the proportion of Classopollis is still very high.[39]
Dejerseysporites[40]	Dejerseysporites verrucosus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Sphagnaceae. Sphagnum-type swamp mosses. Aquatic in freshwater swamps temperate, wet
Sculptisporis[40]	Sculptisporis moretonensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Sphagnaceae.
Stereisporites[40]	Stereisporites antiquasporites	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Sphagnaceae.
Polycingulatisporites[40]	Polycingulatisporites mooniensis Polycingulatisporites triangularis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae. Hornwort spores.
Aratrisporites[40]	Aratrisporites sp.	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with Pleuromeiales. The Plueromeiales were tall Lycophites (2 to 6 m) common on the Trassic. Probably come from a relict genus.
Retitriletes[39]	Retitriletes semimuris	McLea Nunatak, Prince Albert Mountains	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae. Rather absent on some samples.[39]
Calamospora[40]	Calamospora tener	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Calamitaceae. Horsetails, herbaceous flora related to high humid environments, flooding tolerant plants.
Retitriletes[40]	Retitriletes austroclavatidites Retitriletes rosewoodensis Retitriletes clavatoides	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Lycopodiaceae
Densoisporites[40]	Densoisporites psilatus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae
Neoraistrickia[40]	Neoraistrickia tavlorii Neoraistrickia truncaia Neoraistrickia suratensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae
Puntactosporites[40]	Puntactosporites walkomi Puntactosporites scabratus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Uncertain Peridophyte Affinities
Trachysporites[40]	Trachysporites fuscus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Uncertain Peridophyte Affinities
Thymosphora[40]	Thymosphora ipsviciensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Uncertain Peridophyte Affinities
Verrucosisporites[40]	Verrucosisporites varians	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Uncertain Peridophyte Affinities
Rogalskaisporites[40]	Rogalskaisporites cicatricosus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Uncertain Peridophyte Affinities
Baculatisporites[40]	Baculatisporites comaumensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae. Near Fluvial currents ferns, reted to the modern Osmunda Regalis.
Rugulatisporites[40]	Rugulatisporites nelsonensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae.
Cybotiumspora[40]	Cybotiumspora junta Cybotiumspora jurienensis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the family Cibotiaceae.
Cyathidites[40]	Cyathidites australis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the families Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae.
Dictyophyllitides[40]	Dictyophyllitides bassis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Spores	Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae, Dicksoniaceae or Matoniaceae.
Podosporites[39]	Podosporites variabilis	McLea Nunatak, Prince Albert Mountains Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Gymnospermopsida. Subordinate occurrences of bryophyte and lycophyte spores are found along consistent occurrences of Podosporites variabilis.[39]
Alisporites[40]	Alisporites grandis Alisporites lowoodensis Alisporites similis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the families Caytoniaceae, Corystospermaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Umkomasiaceae and Voltziaceae
Platysaccus[40]	Platysaccus queenslandii	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the families Caytoniaceae, Corystospermaceae, Podocarpaceae and Voltziaceae
Vitreisporites[40]	Vitreisporites signatus	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the families Caytoniaceae.
Araucariacites[40]	Araucariacites australis	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae. By the Pliensbachian, Cheirolepidiaceae reduces their abundance with coeval proliferation of the Araucariaceae-type pollen
Corollina[40]	Corollina torosa Corollina simplex	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. The dominance of Corollina species is the main feature of the Corollina torosa Abundance Zone
Classopollis[39]	Classopollis cf.chateaunovi Classopollis meyerianus	McLea Nunatak, Prince Albert Mountains	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Mostly of the samples yielded well-preserved pollen-and-spore assemblages strongly dominated (82% and 85%, respectively) by Classopollis grains.[39]
Perinopollenites[40]	Perinopollenites elatoides	Shafer Peak	Lower Hanson Formation	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae.

Macroflora

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Marchantites[41][42]	Marchantites mawsonii	Carapace Nunantak (Reworked)	Middle Hanson Formation	Thalli	A Liverwort of the family Marchantiales. Reworked From the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, this liveworth is related to modern Humid-environment genera.
Isoetites[43]	Isoetites abundans	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Stems	A Lycophytan of the family Isoetaceae. Specimens resemble Australian ones of similar age
Equisetites[43]	Equisetites sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Fragments of rhizomes, unbranched aerialshoots, isolated leaf sheaths and nodal diaphragms	A Sphenophytan of the family Equisetaceae. Sphenophytes are common elements of Jurassic floras of southern Gondwana
Cladophlebis[41][42]	Cladophlebis oblonga	Carapace Nunantak (Reworked) Shafer Peak	Middle Hanson Formation	Leaves and Stems	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Osmundaceae. Reworked From the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, represents fern leaves common on humid environments.
Clathropteris[43][44]	Clathropteris meniscoides	Shafer Peak Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Leaf segments	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. It was the first record of the genus & species from the Antarctica. Specimens from Shafer Peak occur in a tuffitic mass-flow deposit, and are associated with abundant charred wood indicating wildfires.[44]
Polyphacelus[44]	Polyphacelus stormensis	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Leaf segments	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. Found to be closely related with Clathropteris meniscoides
Matonidium[43]	Matonidium sp. cf.M. goeppertii	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Pinna portions	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Matoniaceae.
Coniopteris[43]	Coniopteris murrayana Coniopteris hymenophylloides	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Pinna fragments	A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dicksoniaceae.
Otozamites[43]	Otozamites linearis Otozamites sanctae-crucis	SW Gair Mesa Mount Carson Shafer Peak	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Leaves pinnately compound	A Cycadophytan of the family Bennettitales.
Zamites[43]	Zamites sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Fragment of a large pinnately compound leaf	A Cycadophytan of the family Bennettitales.
Cycadolepis[43]	Cycadolepis sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Trapeziform fragment of a scale leaf	A Cycadophytan of the family Bennettitales.
Schizolepis[43]	Schizolepis sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Cone Scales	A Pinales of the family Voltziales.
Allocladus[43]	Cf.Allocladus sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Cuticles	A Pinales of the family Cupressaceae.
Elatocladus[43]	Cf.Elatocladus sp.	Mount Carson	Lower and Middle Hanson Formation	Cuticles	A Pinales of the family Cupressaceae.
Pagiophyllum[41][42][43]	Pagiophyllum sp.	Carapace Nunantak (Reworked) Mount Carson	Middle Hanson Formation	Leaves Cuticles	A Pinales of the family Araucariaceae. Reworked From the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, representative of the presence of arboreal to arbustive flora.
Nothodacrium[41][42]	Nothodacrium warrenii	Carapace Nunantak (Reworked)	Middle Hanson Formation	Leaves	A Pinales of the family Podocarpaceae. Reworked From the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, representative of the presence of arboreal to arbustive flora.

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Smith, Nathan D.; Pol, Diego (2007). "Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (4): 657–674.
Smith, N.D., Makovicky, P.J., Pol, D., Hammer, W.R., and Currie, P.J. (2007). "The Dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic Review and Synthesis" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey and the National Academies. 2007 (1047srp003): 5 pp. doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp003.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Smith, Nathan D. (2013). "New Dinosaurs from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica, and Patters of Diversity and Biogeography in Early Jurassic Sauropodomorphs". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 45 (7): 897.
NHM. "Antarctic Dinosaurs, Discover new species of dinosaurs as you follow in the steps of Antarctic adventurer-scientists". Natural History Museum of Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Pickrell, John (2004). "Two New Dinosaurs Discovered in Antarctica". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Joyce, C. "Digging for dinosaurs in Antarctica: Giant bones suggest icy continent had warmer past". NPR.org. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Carrano, M. T. (2020). Taxonomic opinions on the Dinosauria.
Ford, T. "Small theropods". Dinosaur Mailing List. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Vega, G. C.; Olalla-Tárraga, M. Á. (2020). "Past changes on fauna and flora distribution. In Past Antarctica". Academic Press. 245: 165–179.
Hammersue, William R.; Hickerson, William J. (1994). "A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica". Science. 264 (5160): 828–830. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..828H. doi:10.1126/science.264.5160.828. PMID 17794724. S2CID 38933265. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 74.
"New Information on the Theropod Dinosaur Cryolophosaurus Ellioti from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation Of The Central Transantarctic Mountains". SVP Conference Abstracts 2017: 196. 2017.
Smith, N.D; Makovicky, P.J.; Hammer, W.R.; Currie, P.J. (2007). "Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (2): 377–421. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x.
Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J. W.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Fossil sites in the continental Victoria and Ferrar groups (Triassic-Jurassic) of north Victoria Land, Antarctica". Polarforschung. 80 (2): 88–99. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Gair, H. S.; Norris, G.; Ricker, J. (1965). "Early mesozoic microfloras from Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 8 (2): 231–235. doi:10.1080/00288306.1965.10428109.
Unverfärth, J.; Mörs, T.; Bomfleur, B. (2020). "Palynological evidence supporting widespread synchronicity of Early Jurassic silicic volcanism throughout the Transantarctic Basin". Antarctic Science. 32 (5): 396–397. Bibcode:2020AntSc..32..396U. doi:10.1017/S0954102020000346. S2CID 224858807. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Musumeci, G.; Pertusati, P. C.; Ribecai, C.; Meccheri, M. (2006). "Early Jurassic fossiliferous black shales in the Exposure Hill Formation, Ferrar Group of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Terra Antartica Reports. 12 (1): 91–98. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Cantrill, D. J.; Hunter, M. A. (2005). "Macrofossil floras of the Latady Basin, Antarctic Peninsula". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 48 (3): 537–553. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515132. S2CID 129854482. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Cantrill, D. J.; Poole, I. (2012). "The vegetation of Antarctica through geological time". Cambridge University Press. 1 (1): 1–340. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139024990. ISBN 9781139024990. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Bomfleur, B.; Pott, C.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Plant assemblages from the Shafer Peak Formation (Lower Jurassic), north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains". Antarctic Science. 23 (2): 188–208. Bibcode:2011AntSc..23..188B. doi:10.1017/S0954102010000866. S2CID 130084588.
Bomfleur, B.; Kerp, H. (2010). "The first record of the dipterid fern leaf Clathropteris Brongniart from Antarctica and its relation to Polyphacelus stormensis Yao, Taylor et Taylor nov. emend". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 160 (3–4): 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.003. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

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[ElliA-1] Elliot ', D.H. (1996). "The Hanson Formation: a new stratigraphical unit in the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica". Antarctic Science. 8 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:1996AntSc...8..389E. doi:10.1017/S0954102096000569. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[2] Ross, P.S.; White, J.D.L. (2006). "Debris jets in continental phreatomagmatic volcanoes: a field study of their subterranean deposits in the Coombs Hills vent complex, Antarctica". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 149 (1): 62–84. Bibcode:2006JVGR..149...62R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.06.007.

[3] Elliot, D. H.; Larsen, D. (1993). "Mesozoic volcanism in the Transantarctic Mountains: depositional environment and tectonic setting". Gondwana 8—Assembly, Evolution, and Dispersal. 1 (1): 379–410.

[4] Chandler, M. A.; Rind, D.; Ruedy, R. (1992). "Pangaean climate during the Early Jurassic: GCM simulations and the sedimentary record of paleoclimate". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 104 (1): 543–559. Bibcode:1992GSAB..104..543C. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0543:PCDTEJ>2.3.CO;2.

[Ferra-5] Ferrar, H.T. (1907). "Report on the field geology of the region explored during the 'Discovery' Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904". National Antarctic Expedition, Natural History. 1 (1): 1–100.

[Harri-6] Harrington, H.J. (1958). "Nomenclature of rock units in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica". Nature. 182 (1): 290. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..290H. doi:10.1038/182290a0. S2CID 4249714. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Harro-7] Harrington, H.J. (1965). "Geology and morphology of Antarctica". Ivan Oye, P. & van Mieohem, J, Eds. Biogeography and Ecology of Antarctica. Monographiae Biologicae. 15 (1): 1–71.

[GrindA-8] Grindley, G.W. (1963). "The geology of the Queen Alexandra Range, Beardmore Glacier, Ross Dependency, Antarctica; with notes on the correlation of Gondwana sequences". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 6 (1–2): 307–347. doi:10.1080/00288306.1963.10422067.

[Barre-9] Barret, P.J. (1969). "Stratigraphy and petrology of the mainly fluviatile Permian and Triassic Beacon rocks, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica". Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University. 34 (2–3): 132.

[10] Collinston, J.W., Isbell, J.L., Elliot, D.H., Miller, M.F. & Miller, J.W.G. 1994. Permian-TriassicTransantarctic basin. In Veevers, J.J. & Powell, C.McA., eds. Permian-Triassic Pangean basins and foldbelts along the Panthalassan margin of Gondwanaland. Memoir of the Geological Society of America, No. 184,173-222

[11] Barret, P.J.; Elliot, D.H. (1972). "The early Mesozoic volcaniclastic Prebble Formation, Beardmore Glacier area". In ADIE, R.J., Ed.Antarctic Geology and Geophysics: 403–409.

[12] Ballance, P.F. & Watters, W.A. 1971. The Mawson Diamictite and the Carapace Sandstone, formations of the Ferrar Group at Allan Hills and Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica.New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 14,512-527.

[Ba86-13] Barret, P.J.; Elliot, D.H.; Lindsay, J.F. (1986). "The Beacon Supergroup (Devonian-Triassic) and Ferrar Group (Jurassic) in the Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica". Antarctic Research Series. 36 (1): 339–428. doi:10.1029/AR036p0339.

[14] Barret, P.J.; Elliot, D.H. (1973). "Reconnaissance Geologic Map of the Buckley Island Quadrangle, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica". US Geological Survey, Antarctica. 1 (1): 1–42. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[15] Schöner, R.; Viereck-Goette, L.; Schneider, J.; Bomfleur, B. (2007). "Triassic-Jurassic sediments and multiple volcanic events in North Victoria Land, Antarctica: A revised stratigraphic model". In Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World–Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES, Edited by AK Cooper and CR Raymond et Al., USGS Open-File Report. Open-File Report. 1047 (1): 1–5. doi:10.3133/ofr20071047SRP102.

[16] Bomfleur, B.; Mörs, T.; Unverfärth, J.; Liu, F.; Läufer, A.; Castillo, P.; Crispini, L. (2021). "Uncharted Permian to Jurassic continental deposits in the far north of Victoria Land, East Antarctica". Journal of the Geological Society. 178 (1). doi:10.1144/jgs2020-062. S2CID 226380284. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[earlyjurassicdistribution-17] Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. p.537. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[Trity-18] Hammer, W.R.; Smith, N.D. (2008). "A tritylodont postcanine from the Hanson Formation of Antarctica". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 269–273. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[269:ATPFTH]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[FrozenTime-19] Stilwell, Jeffrey; Long, John (2011). Frozen in Time –prehistoric life of Antarctica (1 ed.). Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1–200. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Fau-20] Hammer, W. R.; Hickerson, W. J. (1996). "Implications of an Early Jurassic vertebrate fauna from Antarctica". The Continental Jurassic. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin. 60 (1): 215–218.

[21] Niiler, E. "Primitive Dinosaur Found in Antarctic Mountains". nbcnews. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Augu-22] College, Augustana. "Hammer adds another new dinosaur to his collection". Augustana College. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Video-23] Museum, Field (June 2011). "Surprising Discoveries - Antarctica Video Report #12". Vimeo. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[SP07-24] Smith, Nathan D.; Pol, Diego (2007). "Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (4): 657–674.

[DinoAntarctica-25] Smith, N.D., Makovicky, P.J., Pol, D., Hammer, W.R., and Currie, P.J. (2007). "The Dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic Review and Synthesis" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey and the National Academies. 2007 (1047srp003): 5 pp. doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp003.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[SauropodomorphsA-26] Smith, Nathan D. (2013). "New Dinosaurs from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica, and Patters of Diversity and Biogeography in Early Jurassic Sauropodomorphs". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 45 (7): 897.

[SauropodomorphsB-27] NHM. "Antarctic Dinosaurs, Discover new species of dinosaurs as you follow in the steps of Antarctic adventurer-scientists". Natural History Museum of Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[pickrell2004-28] Pickrell, John (2004). "Two New Dinosaurs Discovered in Antarctica". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 December 2013.

[Sauro-29] Joyce, C. "Digging for dinosaurs in Antarctica: Giant bones suggest icy continent had warmer past". NPR.org. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Car2-30] Carrano, M. T. (2020). Taxonomic opinions on the Dinosauria.

[TeethTheropod-31] Ford, T. "Small theropods". Dinosaur Mailing List. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Vega-32] Vega, G. C.; Olalla-Tárraga, M. Á. (2020). "Past changes on fauna and flora distribution. In Past Antarctica". Academic Press. 245: 165–179.

[Cryo-33] Hammersue, William R.; Hickerson, William J. (1994). "A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica". Science. 264 (5160): 828–830. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..828H. doi:10.1126/science.264.5160.828. PMID 17794724. S2CID 38933265. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[table-4-1-74-34] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 74.

[35] "New Information on the Theropod Dinosaur Cryolophosaurus Ellioti from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation Of The Central Transantarctic Mountains". SVP Conference Abstracts 2017: 196. 2017.

[36] Smith, N.D; Makovicky, P.J.; Hammer, W.R.; Currie, P.J. (2007). "Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (2): 377–421. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x.

[FossAntar-37] Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J. W.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Fossil sites in the continental Victoria and Ferrar groups (Triassic-Jurassic) of north Victoria Land, Antarctica". Polarforschung. 80 (2): 88–99. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[38] Gair, H. S.; Norris, G.; Ricker, J. (1965). "Early mesozoic microfloras from Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 8 (2): 231–235. doi:10.1080/00288306.1965.10428109.

[Paly-39] Unverfärth, J.; Mörs, T.; Bomfleur, B. (2020). "Palynological evidence supporting widespread synchronicity of Early Jurassic silicic volcanism throughout the Transantarctic Basin". Antarctic Science. 32 (5): 396–397. Bibcode:2020AntSc..32..396U. doi:10.1017/S0954102020000346. S2CID 224858807. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[Paly0-40] Musumeci, G.; Pertusati, P. C.; Ribecai, C.; Meccheri, M. (2006). "Early Jurassic fossiliferous black shales in the Exposure Hill Formation, Ferrar Group of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Terra Antartica Reports. 12 (1): 91–98. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[Flora0-41] Cantrill, D. J.; Hunter, M. A. (2005). "Macrofossil floras of the Latady Basin, Antarctic Peninsula". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 48 (3): 537–553. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515132. S2CID 129854482. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[FloraA-42] Cantrill, D. J.; Poole, I. (2012). "The vegetation of Antarctica through geological time". Cambridge University Press. 1 (1): 1–340. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139024990. ISBN 9781139024990. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[FloraArct-43] Bomfleur, B.; Pott, C.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Plant assemblages from the Shafer Peak Formation (Lower Jurassic), north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains". Antarctic Science. 23 (2): 188–208. Bibcode:2011AntSc..23..188B. doi:10.1017/S0954102010000866. S2CID 130084588.

[Clat-44] Bomfleur, B.; Kerp, H. (2010). "The first record of the dipterid fern leaf Clathropteris Brongniart from Antarctica and its relation to Polyphacelus stormensis Yao, Taylor et Taylor nov. emend". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 160 (3–4): 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.003. Retrieved 15 November 2021.