Rif

Geologically the Rif mountains belong to the Gibraltar Arc or Alborán Sea geological region. They are an extension of the Baetic System that includes the mountains of the southern Iberian Peninsula across the strait.[1] Thus the Rif mountains are not part of the Atlas Mountain System.

Major cities in the greater Rif region include Nador, Berkane, Tangier, Tetouan, Al Hoceima (also called Villa), Imzouren, Driouch, Ben Taieb, Midar, Al Aaroui and a few (small) towns Segangan, Selwan, Ajdir, Targuist (Targist).

The Rif has been inhabited by Amazigh tribes since prehistoric times. As early as the 11th century BCE, the Phoenicians began to establish trading posts, with approval of or partnership with the local Riffians and started interbreeding thus starting a Punic language on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, and founded cities such as Tetouan, Melilla (Rusadir) and, in the 5th century BCE, Tangier (called Tingi back then). Later the Phoenician power gave way to an independent Carthage city-state, as the major power in the region. After the Third Punic War, Carthage was supplanted by Rome, and the Rif became part of the province of Mauretania. When the latter was divided during the rule of Emperor Claudius, Tangier became the capital of Mauretania Tingitana. In the 5th century CE, the region was raided by the Vandals, and Roman rule came to an end. The region remained under Vandal control until the 6th century when the Byzantines reconquered parts of it.

Flag of the Rif Republic (1921–1926)

In 710, Salih I ibn Mansur founded the kingdom of Nekor and the Riffian Imazighen started slowly converting to Islam. Amazigh Muslim kingdoms started establishing more cities. By the 15th century, many Spanish Moors were exiled from Spain and most of them settled in Western Rif, bringing their culture, Andalusian music, and even establishing the city of Ashawen or Chefchaouen (Accawen meaning "horns" in Tamazight).

Since then, the Rif has suffered numerous battles between Riffian tribes, Spain and Portugal. In 1415, Portugal invaded Ceuta (Sebta), and in 1490 Spain invaded Melilla (Mlilt). There was a period of peace afterwards, but war between Spain and the Riffians broke out again in 1859 in Tetouan, where Morocco was defeated. The Spanish-Riffian conflicts continued in the 20th century, under the leadership of Amghar Abd el-Krim, the Riffian guerrilla leader who proclaimed the Republic of the Rif in 1921.

The Riffian Imazighen won several victories over the Spanish in the Rif War of the 1920s before being eventually defeated. The region was decolonised and restored to Morocco by Spain in April 1956, a month after the former gained its independence from France.

The Rifians are divided into these tribes and tribal groups:[2]

• Ait Touzine, a tribal group
• Ayt Uryaɣel, a tribal group
• Ayt Bu Frah, partly arabic-speaking
• Mestassa, partly arabic-speaking
• Mtiwa, partly arabic speaking
• Targuist, partly arabic speaking
• Oulad Stout, partly arabic speaking
• Ayt Bu Yihyi
• Ayt Ɛammart, a tribal group
• Ayt Sɛid, a tribe
• Ayt Tourich, a tribal group
• Ayt Yittuft
• Igzinnayen, a tribal group
• Ibdarsen (or Mtalsa), a tribe
• Ibuqquyen, a tribal group
• Ikebdanen (or Kebdana)
• Iqarɛayen, five tribal confederacies
• Tafarsit, a tribe
• Timsaman, a tribal group

Farmers in the Rif produce most of Morocco's supply of cannabis. The region is economically underdeveloped.[3]

Rif mountains in the province of Ashawen

Moroccan Mediterranean coast - aerial view west from Bades over El Jebha to Tétouan with Rif mountains, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (2014)

According to C. Michael Hogan, there are between five and eight separate subpopulations of the endangered primate Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus.[4] The Rif mountains are also home to the honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera major.

The Rif region receives more rainfall than any other region in Morocco, with some portions receiving upwards of 2,000 mm (78.74 in) of precipitation a year. The western and central portions are more rainy and are covered in forests of Atlas cedar, cork oak and holm oak, as well as the only remaining forests of Moroccan fir, a subspecies of the Spanish fir. The eastern slopes receive less rainfall, and there forests consist mainly of pines, particularly the Aleppo pine and the maritime pine, as well as tetraclinis.

Massive deforestation due to overgrazing, forest fires, and forest clearing for agriculture, particularly for the creation of cannabis plantations, has taken place over the last 60 years. This deforestation has led to soil degradation due to the washing away of topsoil, which has aggravated the process.

• Ghomara people
• Hirak Rif
• Jebala people
• Kif, the marijuana associated with Tangier and the Rif
• Nekor
• Oriental (Morocco)
• Rifian people

• Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy (2005). "Morocco said to produce nearly half of the world's hashish supply", Jane's Intelligence Review
• C. Michael Hogan (2008). "Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus", Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rif.

• Galerie Rif (Arrif) (in French)
• Rif Map