Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

A number of ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China are not officially recognized.[1] Taken together, these groups (Chinese: 未识别民族; pinyin: wèi shíbié mínzú) would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China. Some scholars have estimated that there are over 200 distinct ethnic groups that inhabit China,[1] compared to 56 groups are officially recognized. There are in addition small distinct ethnic groups that have been classified as part of larger ethnic groups that are officially recognized. Some groups, like the Hui of Xinjiang with the Hui of Fujian, are geographically and culturally separate, except for the shared belief of Islam. Han Chinese, being the world's largest ethnic group, has a large diversity within it, such as in Gansu, whose Han individuals may have genetic traits from the assimilated Tangut civilization. Although they are indigenous to Hainan island and do not speak a Chinese language, the Limgao (Ong-Be) people near the capital (8% of the population) are counted as Han Chinese.

List

Notable unrecognized ethnic groups include:

English Name
 Mandarin Pinyin
 Simplified Chinese
 Population Classified in census as ..... Territory Details
BunuBùnǔrén布努人700,000YaoGuangxi[2]
ChuanqingChuānqīngrén穿青人670,000HanLiupanshui/Zhijin County, Bijie Prefecture, GuizhouThe Chuanqings, however, view themselves as a distinct people group. Most of them live in Anshun area of Guizhou province. Other locals call the Chuanqings "Da Jiao Ban" (Big Foot) or "Da Xiuzi" (Big Sleeves). Uniquely, they worship a god called Wuxian (五显).
LingaoLíngāorén临高人500,000 [3]Han or ZhuangHainan[4]Some have chosen to register as Zhuang, while the majority of them registered as Han.[5][6]
WaxiangKǔcōngrén瓦乡人400,000[7]HanYuanling County, Yongding, Yongshun County of HunanMany of the Waxiang people are designated as Miao, while some are designated as Tujia or Han
TorghutTǔěrhùtè土尔扈特150,000[8]MongolsXinjiang[9]
GyalrongJiāróngrén嘉絨人120,000TibetanNgawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, SichuanSpeakers of the Gyalrong language related to Qiang
LiminLǐmínrén里民人100,000LiAnshun/Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, GuizhouPart of the Chuanqing people. Not related to the Li people of Hainan.
GejiaGéjiārén克木族50,000MiaoQiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou
ÄynuÀinǔrén艾努 人50,000UyghurMoyu/Hetian/Luopu/Shache/Shule/Yingjisha Counties, Hotan Prefecture, XinjiangEthnically and linguistically distinct, speak Äynu language (Siberian Turkic subfamily) and adhere Shia Islam (Alevism).
CaijiaCàijiārén蔡家人40,000Han or BaiGuizhouCaijia people's language is said to be relative of Bai language.
MuxiMùlǎorén木佬人30,000YiMajiang/Kaili/Huangping (Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture), Duyun/Fuquan (Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture), Guizhou and Chun'an County, ZhejiangTheir language Muyu language belongs to the Kra language group, close to the proverb, but because he is close to Gelao they are being classified into the Yi.
MojiaMòjiārén莫家人20,000Bouyei[10]Libo County, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, GuizhouThey speak Mak language (Kam-Sui)
BaimaBáimǎrén白马人15,000TibetanJiuzhaigou, Sichuan and Wen County, GansuThe Baima people are said to be the descendants of Di (氐) people
UtsulHuíhuīrén回辉人8,500HuiHainanThe Utsuls are thought to be descendants of Cham refugees who fled their homeland of Champa in Vietnam
KhmuKèmùzú克木族7000BulangXishuangbanna, Yunnan
GugeGǔgérén古格人5,000Hui (Qinghai), Tibetan (Yunnan)Hualong Hui Autonomous County, Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai, Deqen/Weixi Counties, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan and Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous RegionIt is distributed in Hualong Hui Autonomous County of Qinghai Province, Shangri-La, Deqin, Weixi County, and Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region in the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. The Guge people are culturally coordinated and adapted to be compatible with and preserve multi-ethnic culture. Suddenly retain the characteristics of the Hui culture, forming a unique nation.
AkhaĀkǎrén阿卡人6,000HaniJinghong/Jinghan/Qilong town (Jinghong County), Bulangshan town (Menghai County) and Qilun town (Mengla County), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanThe Akha claimed to be "over gram", and Akha was the name of the Yi people (meaning "slaves").
BisuBìsūrén毕苏人6,000Some are classified as Lahu while those who live in Menghai County are counted as "undistinguished nationalities"Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan
LemoLēimòrén勒墨人7,000Bai and LisuLushui County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanThey are results of intermarriage between Tai Mao (Dehong Dai/Shan) and Lisu peoples.
AltaiansĀ'ěrtàirén阿爾泰人several thousandMongolian

Altay Prefecture of Xinjiang[11]

TuvansTúwǎrén图瓦人3,900MongolianFar north of Xinjiang[12][13]Only around 2,000 Tuvan speakers left.
BuganBùgēngrén布赓人2,700YiSouthern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), YunnanSpeakers of the Bugan language
PakanBùgēngrén布赓人2,000YiWennan, Xiqiao. Wenshan, Yunnan
BuyangBùyāngrén布央人2,000Yao, ZhuangWenshan Prefecture, Yunnan and Napo County, GuangxiThey are closely related to the Laha, Qabiao, Gelao, and Lachi.
DengChēngrén僜人2,000May be classified as TibetanZayu County, Linzhi (Nyingchi), Tibet Autonomous RegionThey speak various Mishmi languages (including Kaman/Miju and Idu Mishmi language).
BolyuBāliú巴琉1,800Longlin County, GuangxiAlso known as Lai
KungeKūngérén昆格人1,656 (338 households)BlangJinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanThe custom of the Kunge is different from that of the general Blang. The unique special day has the Dragon and the Dragon Festival. The Dragon Column is an iron festival. The time is in the solar calendar in February. During the festival, you must kill the cows, burn the bonfire, and worship the ancestors.
BajiaBājiǎrén八甲人1,500Blang and YiYu'a/Yucha Township, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanDistributed in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Those who mixed with Blang are being classified as Blang peoples while those who unmixed are being classified as Yi peoples (this happened on 2011 after approval by Chinese National Civil Affairs Commission and the Yunnan Provincial Government).
Fuyu Kyrgyz富裕柯尔克孜语1,400KyrgyzFuyu County, HeilongjiangEthnically and linguistically distinct from Kyrgyz, closely related to the ancient Yenisei Kyrgyz and modern Khakas in Siberia.
KeriyaKèlǐyǎrén克里雅人1,300UyghurYutian/Minfeng County, Hotan Prefecture, XinjiangThe Keriya people are said to be descendants of the Tibet Aliguge dynasty. Another is said to be a desert indigenous people living here. The natural environment determines the life style of the Keriya people in the deep Taklimakan Desert. It still retains the simple and pure folk customs. Culture and a more primitive way of life. Most of them lived together for generations. The elderly at home are the most respected elders. The tribes rarely marry outsiders. They are called "the primitive tribes in the desert."
ManmiMànmīrén曼咪人1,000BlangJinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanManmi people have their own language, Man Met which belongs to the Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) language group, and the Manmi people's housing, costumes, religious beliefs, and festivals are similar to the Yi people, but the ethnic group is classified as the Blang ethnic group. Now, Manmi people hope to be counted as an independent nation.
Kaifeng Jews Kāifēng Yóutàizú 开封犹太人 600 – 1,000[14] Hui or Han Kaifeng, Henan Descendants of Jewish silk road traders.
KangjiaKāngjiārén康家人500–600HuiJainca (Jianzha) County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, QinghaiThe Kangjia people s has its own language, Kangjia language. It belongs to the Mongolian language group. The lifestyle is mixed with the Hui and Tu nationalities. Therefore, the Kangjia peoples now consider themselves to be an independent nationalities, which is not the same as the surrounding people.
MangMǎngrén莽人568BlangXishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan
TomaoTuōmàorén托茂人500HuiYanqi Hui Autonomous County, Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang and Zhidoi County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, QinghaiMuslim minority distributed in Qinghai and Xinjiang,[15] with its own unique customs, using Tomo language (a Mongolian mixed Arabic and Persian vocabulary).
QabiaoBùbiāozú布标族302YiMalipo County, YunnanAlso known in Vietnam as the Pu Peo
LaopinLǎopǐnrén老品人233 (in 52 households)May be classified as DaiMenghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanThe Lao Ping ethnics call themselves "old products", also known as "card products." Old people retain their own language, such as eating for "Tangza", housing for "crowding", and fluent slang. The old-fashioned housing is a Chinese-style bungalow. A unique original religion, with temples and godless statues, is held every year in the whole village.
LaomianLǎomiǎnrén老緬人233 (in 52 households)LahuMenghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, YunnanThe Laomian has nothing to do with the Burmese. The Laomian people is a cross-border ethnic group distributed in the border areas of China, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. In China, Laojia Dazhai in Zhutang Township of Mula County and Miaohai Village in Menghai County of Mianhai County are the main settlements.
DamanDámànrén达曼人200TibetanGyirong County, Shigatse Prefecture, TibetThey are popularly believed to be descendants of the Nepalese Gurkha army
CaizuCàizúrén菜族人170 (in 32 households)HanUnknown
Ili TurksTǔěrkèrén土尔克人,
土爾克人		120[16]Uzbek, UyghurIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Northern XinjiangEthnically and linguistically distinct from Uyghurs
OngkorWēngkuòrén翁阔人20EvenkiYining County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, XinjiangIt is said that Ongkor is the smallest ethnic group in China. The 1993 survey showed that there were only 20 people.
TankaDànjiārén疍家人HanGuangdong, Fujian, HainanThought to have Baiyue origins. Traditionally boat people who lived by the sea, they were sometimes referred to as "sea gypsies".
DolanDāolǎngrén刀朗人UyghurAwat County, Xinjiang
KucongKǔcōngrén苦聪人LahuYunnan

See also

References
  1. Shih, Chih-yu (2002). Negotiating Ethnicity in China: Citizenship as a Response to the State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28372-8.
  2. Luo, Liuning 罗柳宁 (2018-04-07). "Bùnǔ Yáo léigōng miào de wénhuà nèihán jiědú" 布努瑶雷公庙的文化内涵解读. Pǔshì shèhuì kēxué yánjiū wǎng 普世社会科学研究网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  3. Zhōngguó dìlǐ 中国地理 (in Chinese). Zhongguo renmin daxue shubao ziliaoshe. 1986.
  4. Huánán shīfàn dàxué xuébào 华南师范大学学报 (in Chinese). 1983 https://books.google.com/books?id=gzsrAQAAIAAJ&q=%E4%B8%B4%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. Shi, Lianzhu 施联朱 (2005). Zhōngguó de mínzú shìbié: 56 gè mínzú de láilì 中国的民族识别: 56个民族的来历 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-06613-1.
  6. Dōngnán wénhuà 東南文化 (in Chinese). 1987 https://books.google.com/books?id=KgQ4AAAAIAAJ&q=%E4%B8%B4%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. Liu, Xinglu 刘兴禄 (2009). "Xiāngxī Wǎxiāng rénmín wèn shòuliè xísú chūtàn" 湘西瓦乡人民问狩猎习俗初探 [An Exploration of Hunting Custom of the Waxiang People in Xiangxi]. Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) (in Chinese). 30 (5): 49. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-4074.2009.05.010.
  8. "Jiědú: Měiguó wèihé huì yǒu 3200 míng Tǔěrhùtèrén? Tāmen shì zěnme dào dì Měiguó?" 解读：美国为何会有3200名土尔扈特人？他们是怎么到的美国？. Wǎngyì 网易 (in Chinese). 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  9. Mínzú yánjiū 民族硏究 (in Chinese). 1999 https://books.google.com/books?id=5mx6AAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%9C%9F%E5%B0%94%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. Yang, Tongyin 杨通銀 (2000). Mòyǔ yánjiū 莫语硏究 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4.
  11. Olson, James S. (1998). "Altai". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
  12. Mongush, M. V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 1: 225–243.
  13. Suihkonen, Pirkko; Whaley, Lindsay J., eds. (2014). On Diversity and Complexity of Languages Spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 340. ISBN 978-90-272-6936-2.
  14. Pfeffer, Anshel (12 January 2018). "Taking the Silk Route Back Home". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  15. Shìjiè zōngjiào yánjiū 世界宗教研究 (in Chinese). 1990 https://books.google.com/books?id=juGGAAAAIAAJ&q=%22%E6%89%98%E8%8C%82%E4%BA%BA%22+%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. "Ili Turki". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06.

Further reading
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