Cicadidae

Cicadidae, the true cicadas,[1] is the largest family of cicadas, with more than 3,200 species worldwide. The oldest known definitive fossils are from the Paleocene, a nymph from the Cretaceous Burmese amber has been attributed to the family, but could also belong to the Tettigarctidae.[2]

Cicadidae
Temporal range:
Neotibicen
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Superfamily: Cicadoidea
Family: Cicadidae
John Obadiah Westwood, 1840
Subfamilies

See text

Tibicen linnei

Description and Life Cycle

Description

Cicadas are large insects characterized by their membranous wings, triangular-formation of three ocelli on the top of their heads, and their short, bristle-like antennae.[3]

Life Cycle

Cicadas are generally separated into two categories based on how long they remain underground as nymphs. Annual cicadas remain underground as nymphs for about two years, and adults emerge every year to mate. Periodical cicadas have synchronized life cycles, remaining underground for years and emerging every 13 or 17 years to mate.[4]

Ecology

Communication

Cicadas are known for the noisy sounds they make. One member of this family, Brevisana brevis, the "shrill thorntree cicada", is the loudest insect in the world, able to produce a song that exceeds 100 decibels.[5] Male cicadas can produce four types of acoustic signals: songs, calls, low-amplitude songs, and disturbance sounds.[6] Unlike members of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids), who use stridulation to produce sounds, members of Cicadidae produce sounds using a pair of tymbals, which are modified membranes located on the abdomen. In order to produce sound, each tymbal is pulled inwards by a connected muscle, and the deformation of the stiff membrane produces a 'click.'[7]

Reproductive Behavior

Newly emerged cicadas climb up trees and molt into their adult stage, now equipped with wings. Males call to attract females, producing the distinct noisy songs cicadas are known for. Females respond to males with a 'click' made by flicking their wings. Once a male has found a female partner, his call changes to indicate that they are a mating pair.[8]

Classification

Cicadidae is one of two families within the superfamily Cicadoidea. This superfamily is in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, containing cicadas, hoppers, and relatives, within the order Hemiptera, the true bugs. There are five subfamilies within Cicadidae: Cicadettinae, Cicadinae, Tettigomyiinae, Tibicinae,[9] and Derotettiginae.[10]

Subfamilies

Subfamily and tribes within this family include:[11]

Subfamily Cicadettinae Buckton, 1890

Subfamily Cicadinae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905

Subfamily Tibicininae Distant, 1905

Subfamily Derotettiginae Moulds, 2019 [12]

See also

References
  1. Pons, P. True cicadas (Cicadidae) as prey for the birds of the Western Palearctic: a review. Avian Res 11, 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00200-1
  2. MOULDS, M. S. (2018-06-22). "Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313130.
  3. https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/order-hemiptera-suborder-homoptera/family-cicadidae/
  4. https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas
  5. https://entomology.unl.edu/scilit/loudest
  6. Cocroft, R. B., & Pogue, M. (1996). Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69(4), 85–97. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25085708
  7. Young D, Bennet-Clark H. The role of the tymbal in cicada sound production. J Exp Biol. 1995;198(Pt 4):1001-20. PMID: 9318802.
  8. "Amazing Cicada Life Cycle."Youtube, uploaded by BBC Studios, 24 Oct. 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjLiWy2nT7U
  9. Marshall, D. C., Moulds, M., Hill, K. B., Price, B. W., Wade, E. J., Owen, C. L., ... & Simon, C. (2018). A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification. Zootaxa, 4424(1), 1-64.
  10. Chris Simon, Eric R L Gordon, M S Moulds, Jeffrey A Cole, Diler Haji, Alan R Lemmon, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Michelle Kortyna, Katherine Nazario, Elizabeth J Wade, Russell C Meister, Geert Goemans, Stephen M Chiswell, Pablo Pessacq, Claudio Veloso, John P McCutcheon, Piotr Łukasik, Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 128, Issue 4, December 2019, Pages 865–886, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz120
  11. Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Owen, Christopher L.; Goemans, Geert; Marathe, Kiran; Sarkar, Vivek; Cooley, John R.; Sanborn, Allen F.; Kunte, Krushnamegh; Villet, Martin H.; Simon, Chris (2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa. Magnolia Press. 4424 (1): 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.
  12. Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R. L.; Moulds, Max S.; Cole, Jerrrey A.; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle; Nazario, Kathrine; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Meister, Russell C.; Goemans, Geert; Chiswell, Stephen M.; Pessacq, Pablo; Veloso, Claudio; McCutcheon, John P.; Lukasik, Piotr (2019). "Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Oxford University Press. 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120.


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