Khokhar
Khokhar[1] are a community of Punjab region who currently reside in adjoining areas of India and Pakistan. The word Khokhar itself means "Bloodthirsty" and its origin is from Persian Language. In India, Khokhars are Hindu and Sikh while in Pakistan, they are Muslims.[2] Khokhars are believed to have converted to Islam after coming under the influence of Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar.[3][4] The Persian historian of the medieval period, Firishta, has called the then Khokhar people a "barbaric caste without religion and morality".[5]
History
Muhammad Ghori undertook many campaigns against the Khokhar in Punjab before he was killed in the village of Dhamiak located in the Salt Range in March 1206.[6]
In 1240 CE, Razia, daughter of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, and her husband, Altunia, attempted to recapture the throne from her brother, Muizuddin Bahram Shah. She is reported to have led an army composed mostly of mercenaries from the Khokhar of Punjab.[7][8]
From 1246 to 1247, Balban mounted an expedition as far as the Salt Range to eliminate the Khokhar which he saw as a threat.[9]
Although Lahore was reoccupied by Delhi in 1251, it remained in ruins for the next twenty years, being attacked multiple times by the Mongols and their Khokhar allies.[10] Around the same time, a Mongol commander named Hulechu occupied Lahore, and forged an alliance with Khokhar chief Raja Gulchand, the erstwhile ally of Muhammad's father.[11]
Jasrat Khokhar
Mustafa Jasrat Khokhar (sometimes Jasrath or Dashrath)[12] was the son of Shaikha Khokhar. He became leader of the Khokhars after the death of Tamerlane and after his escape from prison with the intent to take leadership. Jasrat soon gained the rank of a General in the Timurid army and even married the daughter of Shahrukh Mirza. Later, he returned to Punjab. He supported Shahi Khan in the war for control of Kashmir against Ali Shah and was later rewarded for his victory. Later, he attempted to conquer Delhi, after the death of Khizr Khan. He succeeded only partially, while winning campaigns at Talwandi and Jullundur, he was hampered by seasonal rains in his attempt to take over Sirhind.[13]
Modern era
In reference to the British Raj's recruitment policies in the Punjab, vis-à-vis the British Indian Army, Tan Tai Yong remarks:
The choice of Muslims was not merely one of physical suitability. As in the case of the Sikhs, recruiting authorities showed a clear bias in favor of the dominant landowning tribes of the region, and recruitment of Punjabi Muslims was limited to those who belonged to tribes of high social standing or reputation - the "blood proud" and once politically dominant aristocracy of the tract. Consequently, socially dominant Muslim tribes such as the Gakkhars, Janjuas and Awans, and a few Rajput tribes, concentrated in the Rawalpindi and Jhelum districts, ... accounted for more than ninety percent of Punjabi Muslim recruits.[14]
References
Citations
- (Sadhvi.), Kanakaprabhā (1989). Amarita barasā Arāvalī meṃ. darśa Sāhitya Sagha. p. 381. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- Surinder Singh (30 September 2019). The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500. Taylor & Francis. pp. 245–. ISBN 978-1-00-076068-2.
- Rajghatta, Chidanand (28 August 2019). "View: Most Pakistanis are actually Indians". The Economic Times.
- Singh, Kumar Suresh (2003). People of India: Jammu & Kashmir. Anthropological Survey of India. p. XXIII. ISBN 978-81-7304-118-1.
- M. A. Khan (2009). Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery. iUniverse. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-1-4401-1846-3. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- Singh (2000), p. 28
- Syed (2004), p. 52
- Bakshi (2003), p. 61
- Basham & Rizvi (1987), p. 30
- Chandra (2004), p. 66
- Jackson (2003), p. 268
- Pandey (1970), p. 223
- Singh (1972), pp. 220–221
- Yong (2005), p. 74
Bibliography
- Bakshi, S. R. (2003), Advanced History of Medieval India, 1606 - 1756, 2, Anmol Publications, ISBN 9788174880284
- Basham, Arthur Llewellyn; Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1987) [1954], The Wonder that was India, 2, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, ISBN 978-0-283-99458-6
- Chandra, Satish (2004), From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526), Har-Anand Publications, ISBN 9788124110645
- Jackson, Peter (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521543293, retrieved 18 August 2021
- Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003), The Indian army and the making of Punjab, Delhi: Permanent Black (dist. Orient Longman), ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6, retrieved 18 August 2021
- Pandey, Awadh Bihari (1970), Early medieval India (Third ed.), Central Book Depot
- Singh, Fauja (1972), History of the Punjab, III, Patiala
- Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2000), International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties, Anmol Publications, ISBN 978-81-261-0403-1
- Syed, M. H. (2004), History of Delhi Sultanate, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, ISBN 978-81-261-1830-4
- Yong, Tan Tai (2005), The Garrison State: The Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947, Sage Publications India, p. 74, ISBN 9780761933366