List of wars involving Vietnam

This is a list of wars involving the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and its predecessor states.

Part of a series on the
History of Vietnam
Ancient
Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 BC–258 BC
Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC
Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated
1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD
Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43
2nd Chinese domination 43–544
Early Lý dynasty544–602
3rd Chinese domination602–939
Dynastic
Ngô dynasty 939–967
Đinh dynasty 968–980
Early Lê dynasty 980–1009
Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225
Trần dynasty 1225–1400
Hồ dynasty 1400–1407
4th Chinese domination 1407–1427
Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527
Mạc dynasty 1527–1592
Later Lê Restoration 1533–1788
Tây Sơn dynasty 1788–1802
Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945
Colonial
French Cochinchina 1862–1945 / 1945–1949
French Annam 1883–1945 / 1945–1948
French Tonkin 1883–1945 / 1945–1948
French Indochina 1887–1945 / 1945–1954
Empire of Vietnam 1945
Republic
North Vietnam
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)		 1945–1976
Provisional Central Government 1948–1949
South-North division 1954-1976
State of Vietnam 1949–1955
South Vietnam
(Republic of Vietnam)		 1955–1975
Provisional Revolutionary Government
(Republic of South Vietnam)		 1969–1976
Socialist Republic of Vietnam1976–present
By topic
Timeline
 Vietnam portal

Ancient

Hồng Bàng Dynasty (2879 BC – 257 BC)
Conflict Hùng Kings

and allies

 Opponents Result
Lac Viet-Au Viet War

(257 BC?)

 Lạc Việt tribe Âu Việt tribe Lac Viet was annexed into Au Viet.

Thục Dynasty (257 BC – 179 BC)
Conflict Thục Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
Baiyue-Qin War

(221 BCE – 214 BCE)

 Baiyue tribes Qin Empire Partial victory
  • Minyue and Nanyue tribes were annexed into Qin Empire
  • Âu Lạc retained independence
Au Lac–Nanyue War

(207 BCE or 179 BCE)

 Âu Lạc under Thục dynasty Nanyue under Triệu dynasty Defeat
  • Âu Lạc was annexed into Nanyue

Triệu Dynasty (207 BC – 111 BC)
Conflict Triệu Dynasty and allies Opponents Result
Han–Nanyue War

(111 BCE)

 Nanyue under Triệu dynasty Han Empire Defeat

Dominated

First and Second Chinese Domination (111 BC – 544)
Conflict Yue people Opponents Result
Trưng Sisters Revolt

(40–43)

 Trưng Sisters rebels in Lingnan Han Empire Defeat
Lady Triệu Revolt

(248)

 Lady Triệu rebels in Jiuzhen Wu Defeat
  • Lady Triệu Revolt was suppressed.
Lý Bí Revolt

(542–545)

 Lý Bí rebels in Jiaozhi Liang Victory

Early Lý Dynasty (545–602)
Conflict Early Lý Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
Sui-Van Xuan War

(545–602)

 Vạn Xuân under Early Lý dynasty Sui Defeat

Third Chinese Domination (602–905)
Conflict Yue people Opponents Result
Mai Thúc Loan Revolt

(722)

 Mai Thúc Loan rebels in Annan Great Tang Defeat
Phùng Hưng Revolt

(791)

 Phùng Hưng rebels in Annan Great Tang Defeat

Dynastic

Autonomous era under Khúc Family (905–938) and Ngô Dynasty (938–967)
Conflict Khúc Family

and allies

 Opponents Result
First Southern Han–Annan War

(930–931)

 Dương Đình Nghệ forces in Annan Great Han Victory
Second Southern Han-Annan War(938) Ngô Quyền forces in Annan Great Han Victory
  • Establishment of Ngô dynasty
  • Beginning of independence era of Vietnam

Warlord era (944–968) and Đinh Dynasty (968–980)
Conflict Đinh Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
12 Warlords Rebellion

(944–968)

 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh clan 11 Warlords Victory for Đinh Bộ Lĩnh clan

Early Lê Dynasty (980–1009)
Conflict Early Lê Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
First Đại Cồ Việt-Song War

(981)

 Đại Cồ Việt under Early Lê dynasty Great Song Victory
  • Establishment of Early Lê dynasty
Champa-Đại Cồ Việt War

(982)

 Đại Cồ Việt under Early Lê dynasty Champa Victory

Later Lý Dynasty (1009–1225)
Conflict Later Lý Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War

(1044)

 Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty Champa Victory
Champa–Đại Việt War

(1069)

 Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty Champa Victory
Đại Việt–Song War

(1075–1077)

 Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty Great Song Indecisive
Đại Việt-Khmer War

(1123–1150)[1]

 Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty Khmer Empire

Champa

 Victory

Trần Dynasty (1225–1400)
Conflict Trần Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
First Đại Việt-Mongol War

(1257–1258)

 Đại Việt under Trần dynasty

Champa

 Mongol Empire Victory
Second Đại Việt-Mongol War

(1284–1285)

 Đại Việt under Trần dynasty

Champa

 Great Yuan Victory
Third Đại Việt-Mongol War

(1287–1288)

 Đại Việt under Trần dynasty

Champa

 Great Yuan Victory
Champa–Đại Việt War

(1367–1396)

 Đại Việt under Trần dynasty Champa Defeat in early periods, Victory in final periods

Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407)
Conflict Hồ Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
Champa–Đại Ngu War

(1400–1407)

 Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty Champa Victory[2][3]
Đại Ngu-Ming War

(1406–1407)

 Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty Great Ming Defeat

Fourth Chinese Domination (1407–1427)
Conflict Yue people Opponents Result
Later Trần revolt

(1407–1413)

 Later Trần rebels in Jiaozhi Great Ming Defeat
Lam Sơn uprising

(1418–1427)

 Lam Sơn rebels in Jiaozhi Great Ming Victory

Later Lê Dynasty (1428–1778)
Conflict Later Lê Dynasty

and allies

 Opponents Result
Champa-Đại Việt War

(1446)

 Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty Champa Victory
Đại Việt-Lan Xang War

(1478–1480)[4]

 Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty Lan Xang

Muang Phuan Lan Na

 Indecisive
Champa–Đại Việt War

(1471)

 Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty Champa Victory
Trần Cảo Rebellion

(1516–1521)

 Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty Trần Cảo's rebels Victory
  • Trần Cảo rebellion was suppressed
Lê-Mạc Civil War

(1533–1677)

 Southern Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty Northern Đại Việt under Mạc dynasty Victory for Later Lê dynasty
  • Re-establishment of Later Lê Dynasty
First Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War

(1627–1672)

 Đàng Ngoài under Later Lê dynasty and Trịnh lords

Dutch East India Company

 Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords Indecisive
Dutch-Nguyễn War

(1643)

 Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords Dutch East India Company Victory for Nguyễn lords
Cambodian Civil War

(1714–17)[5]

 Kaev Hua III

Nguyễn lords

 Thommo Reachea III

Ayutthaya Kingdom

 Defeat for Nguyễn lords
Đại Việt-Siam War (1769–1773)[6][7] Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords Thonburi Kingdom Defeat
Second Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War

(1774–1775)

 Đàng Ngoài under Later Lê dynasty

Trịnh lords

 Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords Victory for Trịnh lords

Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802)
Conflict Tây Sơn Dynasty
and allies 		Opponents Result
Tây Sơn–Nguyễn Civil War

(1772–1777)[8]

 Tây Sơn rebels Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords Victory for Tây Sơn rebels
Đại Việt-Siam War

(1785)

 Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty Rattanakosin Kingdom

Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords

 Victory
  • Near-annihilation of Siamese force.
Tây Sơn–Trịnh Civil War

(1775-1786)[8]

 Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty Đàng Ngoài under Trịnh lords Victory for Tây Sơn dynasty
Đại Việt-Qing War

(1788–1789)

 Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty  Qing dynastyLater Lê dynasty Victory for Tây Sơn dynasty
Tây Sơn–Nguyễn Civil War

(1778–1802)[8]

 Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty Gia Long leading the Nguyễn lords Regime change

Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1887)
Conflict Nguyễn Dynasty
and allies 		Opponents Result
Cambodian Rebellion

(1811–1812)

 Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

Ang Chan forces of Khmer

 Rattanakosin Kingdom

Ang Snguon forces of Khmer

 Victory
Chao Anu Rebellion

(1825–1828)

 Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

Anouvong forces of Laos

 Rattanakosin Kingdom Defeat
Siamese–Vietnamese War

(1831–1834)

 Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty Rattanakosin Kingdom Victory
Lê Văn Khôi revolt

(1833–1835)

 Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty Lê Văn Khôi rebels

Rattanakosin Kingdom

 Victory
Đại Nam-Siam War

(1841–1845)

 Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty Rattanakosin Kingdom Inconclusive
Cochinchina Campaign

(1858–1862)

 Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty Second French Empire

Spain

 Defeat
Tonkin Campaign

(1883–1886)

 Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

 Qing dynasty Black Flag Army

  French Third Republic Defeat
Sino-French War

(1884–1885)

 Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty

 Qing dynasty Black Flag Army

  French Third Republic Both sides claimed victory[9][10]

Colonial

French Indochina (1887–1954)
Conflict French Indochina
and allies		 Opponents Result
Cần Vương Rebellion

(1885–1896)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Cần Vương forces Victory
  • Insurrection crushed.
Yên Thế Insurrection

(1884–1913)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Hoàng Hoa Thám forces Victory
  • Insurrection crushed.
Franco-Siamese War

(1893)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Rattanakosin Kingdom Victory
  • Insurrection crushed.
Cochinchina uprising

(1916)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Cochinchina rebels Victory
  • Uprising crushed.
Thái Nguyên uprising

(1917)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Thái Nguyên rebels Victory
  • Uprising crushed.
Yên Bái mutiny

(1930)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Nationalist forces Victory
  • Mutiny defeated.
Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets

(1930–1931)

  French Third Republic French Indochina Communist forces Victory
  • Uprising crushed.
Japanese invasion of Indochina (1940)  Vichy France French Indochina  Empire of Japan Defeat
  • Japanese occupied Northern French Indochina
Franco-Thai War

(1940–1941)

  Vichy France French Indochina  Thailand Military IndecisiveThai Political victory
  • Disputed enclaves returned to Thailand.

Republic

North Vietnam (1945–1976)
Conflict Vietnam
and allies		 Opponents Result General Secretary
Chinese troops enter Vietnam (1945)  North Vietnam  Republic of China (1912–1949)

Supported by:

 France

 Victory Hồ Chí Minh
Partisan conflict of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1947) Việt Minh National Union Front, formed in Nanking Victory
Operation Masterdom

(1945–1946)

 Việt Minh

Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng

  United Kingdom

 France

 Japan

 Defeat
First Indochina War

(1946–1954)[lower-alpha 1]

  North Vietnam

Lao Issara

Pathet Lao

Khmer Issarak

Japanese volunteers

Supported by:

 China (1949–1954)[11]

 East Germany (1950–1954)[12]

 Soviet Union (1952–1954)[11][13]

 Polish People's Republic

  France

Supported by:

 United States (1950–1954)

 Taiwan

 Victory
Operation Shiwan Dashan (1949)  China

 North Vietnam

  Republic of China (1912–1949) Victory
Vietnam War

(1955–1975)[lower-alpha 2]

  North Vietnam Viet Cong

Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao

 China  Soviet Union North Korea Supported by:

 South Vietnam

United States  South Korea Australia New Zealand Philippines Kingdom of Laos

Khmer Republic

Supported by:

 Taiwan

 Thailand

 Victory Hồ Chí Minh (until 2 September 1969)

Lê Duẩn

Laotian Civil War

(1959–1975)

 Pathet Lao

 North Vietnam

  Kingdom of Laos United States South Vietnam Thailand Victory
Cambodian Civil War

(1967–1975)

 National United Front of Kampuchea Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)

Khmer Republic (1970–1975)  United States South Vietnam

 Victory

State of Vietnam and South Vietnam (1945–1975)
Conflict Vietnam
and allies		 Opponents Result President
First Indochina War

(1946–1954)[lower-alpha 3]

  France

Supported by:

 United States (1950–1954)

 Taiwan

  North Vietnam

Lao Issara

Pathet Lao

Khmer Issarak

Japanese volunteers

Supported by:  China (1949–1954)[11]

 East Germany (1950–1954)[12]

 Soviet Union (1952–1954)[11][13]

 Polish People's Republic

 Defeat
Battle of Saigon (1955)  State of Vietnam Bình Xuyên Victory
1955 State of Vietnam referendum Support groups Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm

Supported by:

 United States

 Support groups Chief of State former Emperor Bảo Đại

Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng

Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam

Supported by:

 France

 Change of government
Vietnam War

(1955–1975)

  South Vietnam

 United States  South Korea Australia New Zealand Philippines Kingdom of Laos

Khmer Republic

Supported by:

 Taiwan

 Thailand

  North Vietnam Viet Cong

Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao

 China  Soviet Union North Korea Supported by:

 Defeat
1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels

 Republic of Vietnam Marine Division rebels Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division rebels

 Army of the Republic of Vietnam loyalists

Presidential Guard

 Victory

Coup attempt defeated

 Ngô Đình Diệm
Buddhist crisis  South Vietnam Buddhists Change of government
1963 South Vietnamese coup  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels

 Republic of Vietnam Marine Division rebels  Republic of Vietnam Air Force rebels Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division rebels

Supported by:

 United States

 Army of the Republic of Vietnam loyalists

Presidential Guard

Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces

 Defeat

Coup successful

  • Military Revolutionary Council takes power; political prisoners released
  • Ngô Đình Diệm and Nhu arrested and assassinated, Lê Quang Tung and Hồ Tấn Quyền summarily executed
  • Ngô Đình Cẩn arrested; tried and executed in May 1964
  • The Republic of Vietnam weakened and becomes increasingly dependent on the United States
Montagnard Rebellion  South Vietnam BAJARAKA

FULRO

 Victory
January 1964 South Vietnamese coup  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels Military Revolutionary Council of South Vietnam Defeat

Coup successful

  • Bloodless coup successful
September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels  South Vietnam Victory
December 1964 South Vietnamese coup  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels High National Council other civilian politicians Defeat

High National Council dissolved Nguyễn Khánh political victory
1965 South Vietnamese coup  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels  South Vietnam Victory

Original coup failed; Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and Nguyễn Chánh Thi then forced Nguyễn Khánh from power and into exile
Buddhist Uprising  South Vietnam  Army of the Republic of Vietnam rebels

Buddhists monks

 Victory
Northeast Cay (1968)  South Vietnam  Philippines Defeat

Philippines capture Northeast Cay and Southwest Cay in Spratly Islands
Southwest Cay (1970)  South Vietnam  Philippines Victory

South Vietnam recapture Southwest Cay in Spratly Islands

Battle of the Paracel Islands  South Vietnam  China Defeat

China capture Paracel Islands

Vietnam
Conflict Vietnam
and allies		 Opponents Result General Secretary
Insurgency in the Central Highlands

(1975–1992)

  Vietnam FULRO Victory
  • Insurgency quelled
 Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)

Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986)

Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991)

Đỗ Mười

Insurgency in Laos

(1975–2007)

  Vietnam
 Laos		 Hmong insurgents Victory
  • Insurgency quelled
 Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)

Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986)

Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991)

Đỗ Mười

Cambodian–Vietnamese War

(1977–1989)[lower-alpha 4]

  Democratic Kampuchea (1979–1982)
Post-invasion:
 CGDK (1982–1990)

 Thailand (border clashes)
Supported by:
 China
 Thailand[15]
 Malaysia[16]
 Singapore[16]
 United Kingdom[17][18]
 United States[19][20]
 Romania[21][22][23]

  Vietnam
FUNSK
Post-invasion:
1979–1989:
 Vietnam
 People's Republic of Kampuchea
1989–1991:
 State of Cambodia
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba
 Poland[24]
 Czechoslovakia[25]
 East Germany[26]		 Victory Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)

Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986)

Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991)

Đỗ Mười

Sino-Vietnamese War

(1979)

  Vietnam  China Stalemate
  • Chinese withdrawal from Vietnam
  • China failed to deter Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia
 Lê Duẩn
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–91

(1979–1991)

  Vietnam  China Inconclusive
  • Normalization of bilateral relations
 Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)

Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986)

Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991)

Đỗ Mười

Johnson South Reef Skirmish  Vietnam  China Defeat Nguyễn Văn Linh
Thai–Laotian Border War

(1987–1988)

  Vietnam
 Laos		  Thailand Victory
  • Peace talks in Bangkok
 Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)

Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986)

Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991)

MT Zafirah hijacking  Vietnam Indonesian pirates[27] Victory
  • All eight tanker crews rescued.
  • Hijack foiled and all eleven pirates arrested.
  • Malaysian tanker recovered.
 Nguyễn Phú Trọng
MT Orkim Harmony hijacking  Malaysia

 Australia

 Vietnam

Other aid/standby forces:
 Indonesia

 Thailand

 Indonesian pirates[30][31] Victory
  • Australia spotted the tanker in the Gulf of Thailand.
  • Malaysia recovered the tanker and rescued all 22 crewmembers.
  • Vietnam captured all eight escaping pirates after they were found intruding past the Vietnamese border.
 Nguyễn Phú Trọng
Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff  China  Vietnam China withdrew the oil rig Nguyễn Phú Trọng

Notes
  1. Official start date at December 19, 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from March 3, 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
  2. Start date remains disputed, but North Vietnam did not intervene before 1959. Includes the Laotian Civil War, the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos and the Cambodian Civil War. First battle between the South Vietnamese army and FNL occurred at September 26, 1959; Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
  3. Official start date at December 19, 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from March 3, 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
  4. See also: Vietnamese border raids in Thailand.

Citations
  1. Kohn, p. 524.
  2. Dupuy, p. 483.
  3. Kohn, p. 522.
  4. Stuart-Fox, pp. 65-67.
  5. Kohn, p. 445.
  6. Kohn, p. 447.
  7. Dupuy, p. 768.
  8. Kohn, p. 523.
  9. Chen
  10. Elleman, p. 297.
  11. "Viện trợ của Trung Quốc đối với cuộc kháng chiến chống Pháp của Việt Nam - Quân đội nhân dân" [China's aid to Vietnam's anti-French resistance war - People's Army.]. 2013-12-02. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2021-10-27 – via web.archive.org.
  12. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2013/9311/pdf/DaoDucThuan_2013_02_05.pdf
  13. "John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu - Vidéo Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  14. LOGEVALL, FREDRIK (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24912244.
  15. "Opinion | Thailand Bears Guilt for Khmer Rouge". The New York Times. March 24, 1993.
  16. Richardson, Michael. "Singaporean Tells of Khmer Rouge Aid". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  17. "How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  18. "Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role". The Guardian. 9 January 2000. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  19. Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge
  20. "Reagan Vows to Support Sihanouk's Forces". The New York Times. 12 October 1988. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  21. Michael Shafir (1985). Romania: Politics, Economics and Society : Political Stagnation and Simulated Change. Pinter. p. 187. ISBN 9780861874385.
  22. Desaix Anderson (2002). An American in Hanoi: America's Reconciliation with Vietnam. Eastbridge. p. 104. ISBN 9781891936036.
  23. Gerald Frost (1991). Europe in Turmoil: The Struggle for Pluralism. Praeger. p. 306. ISBN 9780275941291.
  24. "Diplomats Recall Cambodia After the Khmer Rouge". The Cambodia Daily. 5 April 2003. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  25. Weiss, Thomas G.; Evans, Gareth J.; Hubert, Don; Sahnoun, Mohamed (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. International Development Research Centre (Canada). p. 58. ISBN 978-0-88936-963-4. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  26. "When Moscow helped topple the Khmer Rouge". www.rbth.com. March 19, 2016.
  27. "Cảnh sát biển Việt Nam chạm trán cướp biển". Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Multimedia Corporation. 28 June 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  28. "MT Orkim Harmony: Indonesian Navy Agrees To Join Hunt For Hijackers". Bernama. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  29. Zafira Anwar (19 June 2015). "Indonesia joins hunt for MT Orkim Harmony hijackers". New Straits Times. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  30. "Indonesian hijackers on board MT Orkim Harmoni tanker with pistols and parangs". The Jakarta Post. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  31. "MT Orkim Harmony: Hijackers spoke with Indonesian accent - Navy chief". Astro Awani. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

References
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