Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999
The Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999 (Ukrainian: Проєкт українського правопису 1999 року, romanized: Proiekt ukrainskoho pravopysu 1999 roku) is a Ukrainian orthography reform project developed under the direction of Vasyl Nimchuk, a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.[1]
First of all, changes have been made to it that take into account the centuries-old traditions of Ukrainian orthography. In particular, the use of the letter ґ in specific Ukrainian and borrowed common and proper names - surnames and geographical names, a new rule of use и at the beginning of the word before the н and р, introduced a separate spelling of the word пів with nouns, if it means "half", returned as a normative ending -и in the genitive singular of nouns of III declension based on the group of consonants -ст- and words Русь, Білорусь, осінь, сіль, кров, любов, the inflection of nouns of IV declension with the suffix -ен- is aligned, ie the ending -и is restored; the sound /θ/ in borrowings is transmitted uniformly through т (катедра, етер, ортопед, etc., according to the orthography of 1993 in accordance with the Russian tradition — кафедра, ефір, although an orthopedist ортопед), etc.
Significant changes have been made to the spelling of words of foreign origin. Most aim to simplify the rules and reduce the number of exceptions.
The draft orthography of 1999 was not officially approved.
From 2008 to 2020, Ukrainian linguist Professor Oleksnadr Ponomariv ran his blog on the BBC website, using the Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999.
Example text
У радіоетері повідомили про розгляд парламентом соціяльних статей проєкту б'юджету
List of changes and clarifications in the project
The following is a list of changes proposed in the 1999 draft spelling. The points supported by the majority of doctors and candidates of sciences are marked in green.[2]
| Suggested | The reason for the change | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Write the letter ґ sequentially in specific, learned common names and in proper names. | The rule in the current spelling is vague. Grounds: we write Ukrainian common and proper names according to their sound composition in live speech. | Ґава, ґанок, Ґіґа (last name), Васко да Ґама, альтер еґо |
| Write the letter и at the beginning of Ukrainian specific and mastered words before consonants н and р, at the beginning of corresponding exclamations, sound imitations and their derivatives, at the beginning of foreign borrowings - general and proper, when in the donor language at the beginning of the word there is a sound close to Ukrainian и: ир (common name of the song in some Turkic-speaking peoples), Игиатта (river in Sakha). | The presence of words with the initial и in live speech. Under the influence of writing at the beginning of words, the phonological system of the Ukrainian language is destroyed - and does not have the full status of a phoneme. The classics of Ukrainian literature before the orthographic reform of 1928 were used precisely и in these cases. | Инший, инакше, икати, ирод. |
| Write the word "пів" meaning "half" only separately from neighboring words. When the element half has a different meaning, write it together: пів ночі, but північ, півночі, and so on. Write half together in adjectives derived from the conjunction pol with the noun: пів години — півгодинний. | The presence of an invariant full word in the Ukrainian language пів: пів на п'яту, о пів на другу etc. | Пів години, пів яблука, пів Києва. |
| In nouns of the third declension with the final group of consonants, as well as in the words кров, любов, сіль, осінь, Русь, in the genitive singular use the inflection -и. | The presence of the inflection -и. in the dialects that formed the basis of literary language, the use of this ending in these cases in the classics of Ukrainian literature before the "reform" of 1933. | Кров — кро́ви, сіль — со́ли, тінь — ті́ни, Русь — Руси́. |
| Use the ending -и in the genitive singular of nouns of the fourth declension, which in declension take -ен-. | Its use in live speech, in the works of classics of Ukrainian literature before the adoption of changes in spelling in 1945 (1946), the integrity of the paradigm of the fourth cancellation. | Теля — теляти, ім'я — імени. |
| Cancel foreign borrowings on -о, except those that have before -о other vowels. | Their distinctiveness in live speech, in literary language before the "reform" of 1933, in the works of some current writers. Their immutability is destroyed by the declension of specific Ukrainian nouns on -о (for example, incorrect «брати Сірко», and it is necessary «брати́ Сірки»). | Пальто — пальта, метро — метра́, але радіо — радіо (because there is a vowel before -о) |
| Write in borrowed common names only г, regardless of whether h or g is pronounced in the source language. In some words, borrowed mainly from the Russian language from English, in accordance with h it is provided to continue to write х: хобі, хокей, ноу-хау. | The rootedness of such a pronunciation in speech from the south-eastern and middle and eastern parts of the northern dialect due to pseudo-analogy: all words used and written in Russian in /ɡ/, in Ukrainian should sound with the /ɦ/. | Гербарій, газета, гол. |
| In anthroponyms and their derived lexemes, use г or ґ according to the sound composition (h — ɡ) of names in donor languages. In proper geographical names use г, regardless of whether h or g we have in the source language. | Writing proper names as a means of personal identification should reflect as much as possible their phonemic (sound) and graphic composition in the source language. | Ґете, Геґель. |
| Use as normative parallel forms in words of Greek origin in place of the letter θ (th). | The use of such forms in literary language before their ban in 1933. The practice of some print media in Ukraine. | Ортопед, ортографія, пітон, етер (ефір), Атени (Афіни). |
| In common names of foreign origin, the doubling of consonants is usually not transmitted. | This is how these words sound in oral speech. | Тона, нето, бруто, але ванна, вілла, манна, булла and some others (because there are words віла «русалка в сербів», мана etc.) |
| Words from the church-religious sphere (ancient borrowings) are not connected with the "rule of nine". In them between all consonants we write и. | Modern practice of Ukrainian-speaking Churches, in particular, Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, millennial tradition. In the current spelling code (1993, p. 101) this rule is given only in a note. | Євангелист, єпископ, алилуя, Вифлеєм. |
| Extend the "rule of nine" to the spelling of foreign proper names. | Unjustified sharp opposition of borrowed common and proper names. It is already allowed to write и in the final -ида, -ика, as well as after ж (дж), ч, ш, ц and р (ie after five letters) in the current code (1993, pp. 101–102) and in many exceptions -і after д, т, з, с. Uns softened consonants before і in donor languages. | Аристотель, Едип, Сизиф, Занзибар, Сиракузи. |
| In common names of foreign origin before iotated letters after labial write an apostrophe. | Live speech of Ukrainians. Homogeneity of spellings of words of foreign origin. | Б'юро, б'юджет, п'юпітр, м'юзикл. |
| In words of foreign origin, where in the source language sounds /j/, in the position before о write й. | Transmission of undistorted sound of the source language, unification of spelling of words of Greek origin with the initial "iota". | Йод, йон, йонійський, йоаніт, Йоан, Йов. |
| Write the word проект, проекор, проектувати and its derivatives with a letter є. | In the source language — Latin — there is -je-: projectus. Uniform spelling of words with a common root, cf .: об'єкт, суб'єкт. Normative forms of the project to the "reform" of 1933. | Проєкт правопису. |
| Writing -ія inside words of foreign origin in place of -ia. | Living speech (cf. валер'янка, матер'ял), a thousand-year-old written tradition, interrupted in 1933. The presence of "support" in many words: матерія — матеріяльний, геній — геніяльний. | Артеріяльний, геніяльний, соціяльний, матеріял. |
| Do not write an unnecessary letter й in words where it is not in the source language of borrowing: гуаява, мая, фоє. | In the source languages, these words are double й and are not pronounced or written: Spanish guayaba, maya, French foyer. | Фоє, мая. |
| Write only the initial ю in words, where in the source language the initial group is /ju/. | Living language, millennial tradition, such writings in the texts of Ukrainian-speaking Churches. | Юда (according to the current spelling according to the Russian tradition - Іуда). |
| Pass the foreign diphthong au through ав in common names. Au pass through ау only in words: аут, джоуль, клоун, ноу-хау, Каунас, Лаура, Фауст, Пауль and some others (traditionally). | Living Ukrainian ɔrtoɛpijɑ: ɑwdɪt, ɑwdɪtɔrijɑ, etc. | Автобіографія, інавгурація, автор, авкціон, авдиторія, лаврает. |
| Write a soft sign after the letter р in patronymics. | The names Ihor, Lazar, in addition to the nominative singular, act as nouns of the soft group: Ігоря, Ігореві, -ю; Ігорем, Ігорями. | Ігорьович, Лазарьович. |
Criticism of the draft
- Vitalii Rusanivskyi. The relation of the "Draft" to the real Ukrainian orthography // Linguistics, 2002, No. 6. P. 92-98: «Reformers propose to use as parallel forms of ефір and етер, кафедра and катедра, but say nothing about how to be with the метод and the бібліотека and just the тека»; «If we write in accordance with the current spelling півлітра — півлітровий, піввідра — піввідерний, півкілометра — півкілометровий, півлітра — півлітровий (and півлітрівка), then with the introduction of a new rule, first, this harmony disappears (пів літра, but півлітровий, пів відра, but піввідерний etc.), secondly, there is a controversy between nouns in which "пів-" plays the role of a prefix, and phrases with "пів" meaning half: півсотня — пів сотні, півтонна — пів тонни (тони?). So, what falls under the rule today will be an exception, and vice versa».
- Myroslav Popovych. Ours and not ours // Criticism, 2002/11 (61). P. 21-22: «Reforming as a way to preserve the past, to love historical traditions, is nonsense. The past can only be taken into account - to one degree or another, conservatively or liberally. Reforms must clearly articulate the goals and aspirations to be realized in the future. This is the national interest. Until it is explicitly defined, there can be no question of partial or radical changes».
See also
References
- Vitalii Rusanivskyi. The relation of the "Draft" to the real Ukrainian orthography // Movoznavstvo. — 2002. — № 6. — P. 92–98.
- The fate of the project of the new edition of "Ukrainian orthography"
Sources
- Ukrainian orthography. Draft of the latest edition. — К. : Scientific thought, 1999.
External links
- The text of the draft orthography.
- Page devoted to spelling problems, terminology.
- Suggestions and remarks to the new edition of the draft Ukrainian orthography from the orthography seminar named after Oleksa Horbach / On February 7, 2018, at the Ukrainian Catholic University at the Department of Philology the Spelling Seminar named after Oleksa Horbach started
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.